Final Review Flashcards
Who developed the philosophy of empiricism?
John Locke
The unconscious plays an important role in psychodynamic theories
True
Literally the word psychology means the study of the
soul
Attempted to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
Functionalism
Carl Jung coined the phrase “inferiority complex”
False
The social cognitive theory is an outgrowth of
Behaviorism
Cognitive theorists are interested in how genes and environment interact in determining behavior.
False
Jermaine is interested in the effects of music on workers’ performances. Jermaine is most likely a
Industrial/organizational psychologist.
The psychologist who named the study of the conscious mind and its structures structuralism was
Edward Titchener
A psychologist using the evolutionary approach would be focused on the brain and nervous system
False
A field of psychology that is linked with developing new methods for teaching is
Educational psychology
Which of the following is a mental process?
Memorizing
Joe has recently moved from the city, where things are fast paced, to a small town, where things progress at a slower rate. He is having difficulty adjusting because classmates find him too pushy and hurried. Which of the following perspectives would best explain these differences?
Sociocultural
Who popularized Wundt’s ideas in the United States?
Titchener
A patient has been diagnosed as suffering from a psychological disorder and her therapist prescribes a drug that will block reuptake of neurotransmitters. The therapist is most likely a
Psychiatrist
The famous line “I think therefore I am” is credited to
Rene Descartes
When we are observing others, we are paying attention to their
Behaviors
Structuralism used the method of introspection to identify the basic elements of psychological experience.
True
Who of Freud’s colleagues fought with him over “penis envy”?
Karen Horney
Erik Erikson is connected to the psychocognitive stages of development
False
Which of the following events had a direct influence on the development of the humanistic movement of psychology?
A need for a more positive perspective
Which of the following fields of study would involve acquiring an MD?
Psychiatry
Which of the following would not be emphasized in psychodynamic theory?
Reinforcement
Some psychologists diagnose and treat people with psychological problems. Which of these would assist people with more serious problems?
Clinical psychologists
The expression “know thyself” is attributed to
Greek philosophers
The psychological approach that emphasizes the mental processes of the mind is the
Cognitive approach
Which of the following theorists is associated with the start of behaviorism?
John Watson
Which of the following is not an important component of the field of psychology?
Common sense
George says that the thought process is insignificant and our actions are dictated by our desire to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. If you were to name which psychological approach would best match George’s perspective, it would be
Behavioral
Lindsey believes that her personality is influenced by hidden feelings deep inside her that she has no control over. She feels that her mother’s early interactions with her have somehow made her the way she is. Which theorists would be most interested in meeting with Lindsey to discuss her problems?
Sigmund Freud
The official birth of psychology as a science is attributed to
Wilhelm Wundt’s lab in Leipzig, Germany
What did Skinner say was most important in the study of human psychology?
What we do
William James’ functionalism was most interested in which o the following?
The adaptation of the mind to the environment
Which follower of Freud argued with him over penis envy??
Horney
Maslow’s term focusing on reaching one’s full potential
Self actualization
Pavlov developed operant conditioning
False
Freud divided the unconscious into the id, ego and the orbitall
False
A psychological approach which examines how the behavior patterns, beliefs, and other products of particular group of people influence human thought an behavior is the
Sociocultural
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of
Behavior and mental processes
Which theorists see behavior as being controlled by external environmental forces?
Behavioral
Which therapists believe mental processes are in control of behavior?
Cognitive
Erik Erikson was a behaviorist
False
A key component of social cognitive theory is
Observational learning
Phillip takes a behavioral neuroscience approach to psychology. Which of the following would best describe his perspective?
Thoughts and emotions have a physical origin in the brain
Tom is getting help with his ability to deal with his anger. A psychologist is teaching him skills to utilize when he feels himself losing control. The type of psychologist that Tom is seeing is most likely a
Counseling psychologist
Rosemary has found that her son gets better grades when she promises him a reward for high test scores. Though Rosemary is not a psychologist, her approach is consistent with the
Behavioral approach
The humanistic movement
Stresses a person’s capacity for personal growth
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a
Variable-ratio schedule
Cognitive maps are associated with the work of
Tolman
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a
Positive reinforcer
A child’s learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a
Conditioned response
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to _________.
Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was
The presentation of food in the dog’s mouth
In a social dilemma, the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual
True
Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of
Observational learning
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a
Specified number of responses have been made
Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
Modeling
CAI stands for Conditioned Automatic Indicator
False
Dan and Joel, both 4 year olds, have been watching reruns of “Superman” on television. Joel’s mother recently found the boys standing on the garage rood, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys’ behavior?
Observational learning
Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that
Viewing violence leads children and teens to behave aggressively
In Pavlov’s experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog’s salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)
Conditioned response
A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
Conditioned Stimulus
After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
Biological predispositions
A severe anxiety disorder called PSSD can develop after experiencing a fearful event.
False
People are born with a set of cognitive maps that are ready to be used
False
Both aggression and altruism can be learned.
True
Which of the following best describes insight learning?
An aha moment
Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biological predisposed behaviors. This is an example of
Instinctive drift
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement
Fixed-ratio
A situation in which the behavior that creates the most positive outcomes for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole
Social dilemma
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only fro a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
Shaping
The O in the SOR model stands for Operant
False
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
Generalization
Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of
Punishment
After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a
Cognitive map
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
Observational learning
Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates
Classical conditioning
In Pavlov’s experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog’s salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)
Unconditioned response
To assess whether Mrs. Webster had suffered from a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a
Conditioned stimulus
Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of
Observational learning
A conditioned response is an unlearned, automatic response to a specific stimulus
False
A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates
Partial reinforcement
After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) _________ for Colin’s fear.
Unconditioned stimulus
Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy in most likely to inhibit
Intrinsic motivation
In transfer, learned responses follow one another in sequence.
False
Mental practice is not an effective way to prepare for a task
False
We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are
Followed by reinforcement
Children often imitate behaviors seen on televisions. This best illustrates the impact of
Modeling
In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a _______ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
Conditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Stimulus
You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to
Retrieve sticks and balls
In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?
Operant conditioning
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n).
Negative reinforcer
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
Sweating in hot weather
Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning was important because
So many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.
Primary reinforcers could best be described as
Innately satisfying stimuli
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason’s running habit is maintained by a ______ reinforcer.
Negative
High self-esteem alone does improve academic performance.
False
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called.
Discrimination
Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company’s profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of
Operant conditioning
To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use
Immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers
Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lighting. This suggests that associative learning involves
Cognitive processes
In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that
Evokes a response
John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n)
Behaviorist
Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
Discrimination
Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone
Extinction
Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)
Stimulus
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin’s new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates
Spontaneous recovery
To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you
Specify your exercise goals and inform some close friends of your goals.
Extinction occurs when a ______ is no longer paired with a _____.
Conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus
Instinctive drift could prevent an animal from learning a new behavior
True
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)
Neutral stimulus
Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the cars irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of
Negative reinforcement escape
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates
Generalization
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
Classical conditioning
Negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
False
An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)
Reinforcement
Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of
Learning
Every time Joan cleans her room, Joan gets 30 minutes of computer time
Positive reinforcement
When Joan doesn’t clean her room, her parents take away her palm pilot
Negative punishment
When Joan doesn’t clean her room, she can’t watch TV that night
Negative punishment
