Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 mechanisms for microevolution

A

natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how can new genes arise

A

mutations gene duplications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

point mutation

A

change in one base in a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

effect of point mutations

A

result in change in protein
can be hidden from selection in recessive alleles
can sometimes be beneficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

five conditions for nonevolving populations(hardy weinberg)

A 
no mutations
random mating
no natural selection
large population sizes
no gene flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

three major factors that alter allele frequencies and bring on evolutionary change

A

Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

genetic drift

A

describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next
Genetic drift tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

founder effect

A

occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

effects of genetic drift

A

significant in small populations
can cause allele frequencies to change at random
can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations
harmful alleles may become fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

frequency dependent selection

A

the fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

speciation

A

the origin of new species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

microevolution

A

consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

macroevolution

A

refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

temporal isolation

A

Species breed at different times of the day, seasons, or years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

behavioral isolation

A

Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mechanical isolation

A

Morphological differences can prevent successful completion of mating

17
Q

gametic isolation

A

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

18
Q

sympatric speciatin can take occur

A

Polyploidy
Sexual selection
Habitat differentiation

19
Q

polyploidy

A

is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during meiosis
Far more common in plants than in animals
Polyploidy can produce new biological species in sympatry within a single generation

20
Q

autopolyploid

A

is an individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from a single species

21
Q

allopolyploid

A

is a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species

22
Q

result of hybrid zones
reinforcement
fusion
stability

A

Reinforcement (strengthening of reproductive barriers – hybrids cease to form)
Fusion (weakens reproductive barriers – 2 species fuse back together)
Stability ( continues hybrid production)

23
Q

how life may have started on earth

A

Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules
Packaging of molecules into protocells
Origin of self-replicating molecules

24
Q

what is the fossil record in favor of

A

Existed for a long time
Were abundant and widespread
Had hard parts

25
Q

tetrapods

A

mammals

26
Q

gelogic record

A

Hadean, Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic eons

27
Q

phanerozoic era

A

last half billion years

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

28
Q

stomatolites

A

oldest fossils, 3.5 billion years ago

29
Q

where does O2 come from

A

from biological reactions

30
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

a cell that lives within a host cell

31
Q

serial endosymbiosis

A

supposes that mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events
Inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes of prokaryotes
Division and DNA structure is similar in these organelles and some prokaryotes
These organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA
Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes

32
Q

cambrian explosion

A

refers to the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla in the Cambrian period (535 to 525 million years ago)

33
Q

Fungi, plants, and animals began to colonize land

A

about 500 million years ago

34
Q

rise and fall of groups depends on

A

speciation

extinction rates within the group

35
Q

pangea

A

about 250 million years ago
A deepening of ocean basins
A reduction in shallow water habitat
A colder and drier climate inland

36
Q

continental drift

A

A continent’s climate can change as it moves north or south

Separation of land masses can lead to allopatric speciation

Biology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions