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Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Cells are all the same in what ways?

A

1 plasma membrane
2 region of DNA
3 cytoplasm

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1
Q

Cell-

A

Smallest unit with- metabolism, response to environment, growth and reproduction

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2
Q

What goes through the plasma membrane without restrictions?

A

Water CO2, O2

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3
Q

What must be escorted through the plasma membrane?

A

Nutrients, ions, and other substances

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4
Q

Cytoplasm or cytosol

A

Everything in between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA

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5
Q

History of microscopes

A

Robert Hooke :1660s
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: 1670s
LM-1800s
EM-1940

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6
Q

LM

A

Magnify about 1000x
Staining to enhance contrast
Most sub cellular structures including organelles are to small to see

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7
Q

Electron microscope

A

Transmission and scanning

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8
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Takes cell apart using centrifuge

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9
Q

In eukaryotic cell

A

Nucleus contains most of the DNA

ribosomes use the info from DNA to make proteins

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains most of the cells genes

DNA and proteins form chromatin which forms chromosomes

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11
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Encloses nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm with a double membrane each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
Pores regulate entry and exit of molecules

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12
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Maintains the Shape of the nucleus (composed of protein)

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

Located in nucleus

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of ribosomal RNA and protein

Carry out protein synthesis in the cytosol (free ribosomes) and on the outside of the nuclear envelope(bound ribosomes

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15
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

-either continuous or connected via vesicles

16
Q

ER

A

Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

17
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesize lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies poison
Stores calcium

18
Q

Rough ER

A

Bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins(proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
Distributes transport vesicles(proteins surrounded by membranes
Membrane factory

19
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

-flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Modifies products of the ER
manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

20
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

  • can hydrolyze: proteins,fats,polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
  • cells indulged by phagocytosis fuse with lysosomes and are digested
  • lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle own organelles and macromolecules ; autophagy
21
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • food vacuoles
  • contractile vacuoles-pumps excess water out of cells
  • central vacuoles-hold organic compounds and water
22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Sites of cellular respiration, production of ATP MOLECULES
-all eukaryotic cells
-cristae- enzymes that synthesize ATP
matrix- respiration steps

23
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Not part of the endomembrane system

  • double membrane
  • have proteins made by free ribosomes
  • contain their own DNA
24
Q

Chloroplasts

A

-type of plastid
-green pigment chlorophyll, enzymes and molecules for photosynthesis
-chloroplasts in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae
-contain
Thylakoids membranous sacs stacked to form a granum
Stroma internal fluid

25
Q

Perixisomes

A
  • made by Golgi
  • produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
  • oxygen is used to break down different types of molecules
26
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm
  • organizes the cells structures and activities, anchors many organelles
  • micro tubules,micro filaments ,intermediate filaments
  • supports cell and maintains shape
  • motor proteins produce motility
  • vesicles travel along cytoskeleton
27
Q

Microtubules

A

Structure: hollow tubes, walls consist of 13 columns of tubulin molecules
Diameter: 25nm with 15nm lumen
Protein subunit: tubulin

Function; cell shape,cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements

28
Q

Microfilaments

A

Structure: two intertwined strands of actin
Diameter: 7nm
Protein subunit: actin

Function; cell shape,cell motility(use myosin), changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming,cell divison, resist pulling forces,forms 3D network called the cortex

Myosin and actin work together for contractions

Create pseudopodia(false feet) cytoplasmic streaming( circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

29
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Structure: fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables
Diameter: 8-12nm
Protein subunit: proteins from the keratin family

Function; cell shape,anchorage of nucleus and thee organelles, nuclear lamina

30
Q

Centrosomes and centrioles

A

Micro tubule organizing center

In animal cells the centrioles has a pair of centrioles each with 9 trippers of microtubules arranged in a ring

31
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

Core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane

  • basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum
  • motor protein called dynein
32
Q

Extra cellular components

A
  • cell walls of plants
  • extracellular matrix of animal cells
  • intercellular junctions
33
Q

Cell wall

A
  • cellulose
  • protect the plant cell, maintain it’s shape, and prevent excess uptake of water

1 primary cell wall- relatively thin and flexible
2 middle lamella: thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
3 secondary wall: added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

34
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Channels between adjacent plant cells

35
Q

ECM of animal cells

A
  • glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
  • ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins called integrins
36
Q

Functions of the ECM

A

Support, adhesion, movement, regulation

37
Q

Intracellular junctions

A

Plasmodesmata-water and small solutes ( sometimes proteins and RNA)can pass from cell to cell

  • tight junctions-membranes pushed together preventing leaking of extracellular fluid
  • desmosomes - anchoring junctions
  • gap junctions- communicating junctions

Biology (16 decks)

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