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Honors Biology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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0
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

It controls information about the body’s internal and external environment, processes it, then responds to it

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1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

It controls body processes that occur slowly and regulates hormones

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2
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

They carry impulses from sense organs to the brain/spinal cord.

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3
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

They process sensory information and send commands

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4
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

They carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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5
Q

What is the main control point of the nervous system?

A

The brain

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6
Q

How does the brain work?

A

Synapses make the brain work by transferring messages from cell to cell

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the cell cycle?

A

To help a cell reproduce to two identical daughter cells

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8
Q

Stages of cell cycle and what happens during each

A

Interphase: cell prepares to divide
Prophase: chromotin condenses into chromosomes
Metaphase: chromosomes like up to middle of cell
Anaphase: chromotins pulled to opposite sides
Telophase: nucleoli a reappears

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9
Q

Law of segregation

A

Each allele has an equal chance of getting passed on

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10
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Each trait has an equal chance of getting passed if they are on separate chromosomes

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11
Q

Genotype/phenotype

A

Genotype: has to do with genes
Phenotype: actual appearance

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12
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that are in a pair— one from father and one from mother

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13
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process for creating gametes

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14
Q

What’s a diploid? Haploid?

A

Diploid: cells with a full set of chromosomes

Haploid: cells with half the number of chromosomes

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15
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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16
Q

Who first discovered DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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17
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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18
Q

Which comes first, transcription or translation?

A

Transcription

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19
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

The process of making copies of DNA for every cell

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20
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of converting the message from DNA to RNA

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21
Q

mRNA

A

One strand of DNA located on the nucleus

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22
Q

rRNA

A

On ribosome

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23
Q

tRNA

A

Pairs with 3 letters from mRNA to create a codon

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24
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

What is translation?

A

Turns mRNA to a protein

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26
Q

What’s mutagen?

A

An agent that causes a change in DNA/chromosomes

27
Q

What is deletion?

A

When a gene is removed

28
Q

What’s insertion?

A

A gene is duplicated

29
Q

Types of mutations and what do they do?

A

Point-base substitution(can be silent)

Frame shift: addition or deletion of a base

30
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Mixture (mixing paint)

31
Q

Co-dominance

A

You can see both

32
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Blood types

33
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase 1

34
Q

What’s a karyotype?

A

A picture of your chromosomes

35
Q

What type of information can be learned from a karyotype?

A

Genetic diseases

36
Q

Various applications for genetic engineering?

A

Improving the quality and quantity of medicines

37
Q

Drawbacks of genetic engineering?

A

Too much money, animal cruelty

38
Q

Darwin (natural selection)

A

Nature selects; favorable traits

39
Q

Lamarck (acquired characteristics)

A

Select favorable traits

40
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Adaptation: acquired traits
Fossils: preserved traces of organisms
Anatomical: bones, muscles
Embryological: similar Embryological stages
Physiological: adaptations that occur within the body

41
Q

Directional natural selection

A

Favors one of the extreme variations of a trait

42
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors average variation of a trait

43
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors both extremes of a variation or a trait

44
Q

Geographical isolation

A

Division of a population by a physical barrier

45
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Interbreeding is no longer possible in a species even though they are classified in the same species

46
Q

What is p^2 in HW?

A

Homozygous dominant

47
Q

What does 2pq mean in HW?

A

Heterozygous

48
Q

What does q^2 mean in HW?

A

Homozygous recessive

49
Q

Are q^2, p^2, 2pq, p, and q decimals or whole numbers?

A

Decimals

50
Q

What number does q^2, p^2, and 2pq add up to?

A

One

51
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Absorbs nutrients and creates solid wastes

52
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

Gas exchange

53
Q

What does the excretory system do?

A

Eliminates waste from blood

54
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Fights invaders

55
Q

What does the skeletal system do?

A

Movement, support, protects organs, mineral storage, blood cells production

56
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

Regulates body temperature and protects against foreign invaders

57
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To transport oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body. It also regulates body temperature

58
Q

What does plasma do?

A

The water in it helps regulate body temperature

59
Q

What percent of plasma is water?

A

55%

60
Q

What is blood?

A

A liquid tissue

61
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen

62
Q

List the 4 components of blood from least dense to most dense

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

63
Q

What is the function of white blood cells

A

To guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria

64
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To help with blood clotting

Honors Biology (5 decks)

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