Final Review 2 Flashcards
What is a gene and what is an allele?
Gene = portion of DNA that codes for a trait
Allele = specific type of gene
What kind of genes cross over and what kind of genes go through independent assortment
Crossing over = genes far apart on the same chromosome
Independent assortment = genes on different chromosomes
What is monosomy vs trisomy?
Monosomy = daughter cell has 1 chromosome
Trisomy = daughter cell has 3 chromosomes
What is outcrossing?
Fertilization via two parents
What is linkage?
Tendency of traits to be inherited together because they are close on the same chromosome
What are the point mutations?
Silent: no amino acid change
Nonsense: premature stop codon
Conservative Missense: different amino acid, similar properties
Non conservative missense: different amino acid, different properties
What sites on the promoter does RNA polymerase recognize?
-10 and -35
Which part of the gene codes for proteins?
Coding region
Which part of the gene makes RNA stop transcribing, what bases is it made of and how does it work?
Termination signal: made of Cs and Gs, bends on itself like a hairpin, forcing RNA polymerase to unbind
What is pre mRNA?
mRNA before splicing
What part of pre mRNA is removed?
Introns, promoter, termination signal
What catalyzes splicing
Spliceosome
What is the purpose of splicing?
Determining how genes are expressed
What are LacY, LacZ, and LacI?
LacY codes for protein that lets lactose in the cell
LacZ codes for protein that breaks down lactose
LacI is the repressor of LacY and LacZ
What is the catabolic activator protein (CAP) and cAMP?
cAMP is inhibited in the presence of glucose. In the absence of glucose, it binds to CAP, catalyzing the transcription of LacY and LacZ
What are the levels of transcriptional control in order?
Chromatin modification, TFs and sequences, Alternative splicing, RNA interference, folding cutting destroying, inactivation
What is the relationship between speed, amount of energy required and level of control
As level of control increases, speed increases and level of energy required decreases
How is DNA used to identify individuals
Gene of interest is identified, put into a PCR, add DNA polymerase and primers to PCR, run PCR for multiple samples, measure size of STR via gel electrophoresis
What is gel electrophoresis?
Genes with dye are dyed and put in gel with an electrical current running through it. DNA will move towards the positive electrode because it is slightly negative
What is CRISPR/CAS9
In bacterial cells, CAS1/2 identifies virus DNA and enters it into CRISPR gene of DNA. CRISPR is transcribed into mRNA that attaches to CAS9, which searches the cell for a matching sequence and cuts it up
How is CRISPR/CAS9 used for DNA manipulation?
Identify gene of interest, create gRNA which is complementary to it, and incubate it with CAS9. CAS9 will then cut DNA at desired point, and new sequence is entered in.
