Final Review 2

Question 1

What is a gene and what is an allele?

Answer 1

Gene = portion of DNA that codes for a trait
Allele = specific type of gene

Question 2

What kind of genes cross over and what kind of genes go through independent assortment

Answer 2

Crossing over = genes far apart on the same chromosome
Independent assortment = genes on different chromosomes

Question 3

What is monosomy vs trisomy?

Answer 3

Monosomy = daughter cell has 1 chromosome
Trisomy = daughter cell has 3 chromosomes

Question 4

What is outcrossing?

Answer 4

Fertilization via two parents

Question 5

What is linkage?

Answer 5

Tendency of traits to be inherited together because they are close on the same chromosome

Question 6

What are the point mutations?

Answer 6

Silent: no amino acid change
Nonsense: premature stop codon
Conservative Missense: different amino acid, similar properties
Non conservative missense: different amino acid, different properties

Question 7

What sites on the promoter does RNA polymerase recognize?

Answer 7

-10 and -35

Question 8

Which part of the gene codes for proteins?

Answer 8

Coding region

Question 9

Which part of the gene makes RNA stop transcribing, what bases is it made of and how does it work?

Answer 9

Termination signal: made of Cs and Gs, bends on itself like a hairpin, forcing RNA polymerase to unbind

Question 10

What is pre mRNA?

Answer 10

mRNA before splicing

Question 11

What part of pre mRNA is removed?

Answer 11

Introns, promoter, termination signal

Question 12

What catalyzes splicing

Answer 12

Spliceosome

Question 13

What is the purpose of splicing?

Answer 13

Determining how genes are expressed

Question 14

What are LacY, LacZ, and LacI?

Answer 14

LacY codes for protein that lets lactose in the cell
LacZ codes for protein that breaks down lactose
LacI is the repressor of LacY and LacZ

Question 15

What is the catabolic activator protein (CAP) and cAMP?

Answer 15

cAMP is inhibited in the presence of glucose. In the absence of glucose, it binds to CAP, catalyzing the transcription of LacY and LacZ

Question 16

What are the levels of transcriptional control in order?

Answer 16

Chromatin modification, TFs and sequences, Alternative splicing, RNA interference, folding cutting destroying, inactivation

Question 17

What is the relationship between speed, amount of energy required and level of control

Answer 17

As level of control increases, speed increases and level of energy required decreases

Question 18

How is DNA used to identify individuals

Answer 18

Gene of interest is identified, put into a PCR, add DNA polymerase and primers to PCR, run PCR for multiple samples, measure size of STR via gel electrophoresis

Question 19

What is gel electrophoresis?

Answer 19

Genes with dye are dyed and put in gel with an electrical current running through it. DNA will move towards the positive electrode because it is slightly negative

Question 20

What is CRISPR/CAS9

Answer 20

In bacterial cells, CAS1/2 identifies virus DNA and enters it into CRISPR gene of DNA. CRISPR is transcribed into mRNA that attaches to CAS9, which searches the cell for a matching sequence and cuts it up

Question 21

How is CRISPR/CAS9 used for DNA manipulation?

Answer 21

Identify gene of interest, create gRNA which is complementary to it, and incubate it with CAS9. CAS9 will then cut DNA at desired point, and new sequence is entered in.