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CPH 315 > Final review > Flashcards

Final review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of diabetes?

A
  1. Type 1
  2. Type 2
  3. Gestational
  4. Other, such as pancreas trauma
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2
Q

Where were the symptoms of diabetes first described?

A

Ancient Greece, Egypt, China, and India

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3
Q

What organ secretes insulin?

A

The pancreas

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4
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone that regulates the body’s glucose absorption

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5
Q

Where in the pancreas is insulin secreted?

A

Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans

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6
Q

What term describes frequent urination?

A

Polyuria

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7
Q

What symptoms of diabetes are common across all types?

A

Polyuria
Extreme thirst and hunger
Fatigue
Unintentional weight loss
Blurry vision
Slow-healing cuts/scrapes
Irritability

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8
Q

What type of disease is type 1 diabetes (T1D)

A

Autoimmune disease

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9
Q

What is the cell pathology of T1D development?

A

Islets of Langerhan quit producing insulin

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10
Q

Does T1D have an acute or slow onset?

A

Acute

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11
Q

In what age group is T1D diagnosis most common?

A

<15 years old

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12
Q

Which continent has the highest rates of T1D incidence?

A

Europe

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13
Q

Does T2D have a slow or fast onset?

A

Slow

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14
Q

What type of diet increases your risk for T2D?

A

Consuming a western diet

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15
Q

What hypothesis suggests that a genetic predisposition to diabetes could be helpful in times of scarcity?

A

Thrifty Genotype

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16
Q

What is the pathology of the development of T2D?

A

Pancreas still produces insulin but the body becomes resistant

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17
Q

What is A1C?

A

Measure of how much glucose is attached to hemoglobin in the blood

Long-term (past 6 months) measure of blood glucose level

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18
Q

How does risk for T2D change with age?

A

Increases with age

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19
Q

Which gender has the highest risk of T2D?

A

Men

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20
Q

Which races/ethnicities have the highest risk in the US?

A

American Indians / Alaska Natives highest
Then Black / African American and Hispanic

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21
Q

How are education and income and risk for T2D related?

A

With increasing education and income, risk for T2D decreases

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22
Q

What are three risk-reducing behaviors for diabetes?

A
  1. Healthy diet
  2. Exercise
  3. Screening
22
Q

What are four risk-increasing behaviors for obesity?

A
  1. High fat and high sugar diet
  2. Sedentary lifestyle
  3. Smoking tobacco
  4. Excessive alcohol use
23
Q

What are four environmental agents associated with diabetes?

A
  1. PFAS chemicals
  2. Phthalates
  3. Automobile-dependent environment
  4. Poor food environment (desert/swamp)
24
Q

Which survey is this: annual population-based telephone survey conducted in 53 states and territories

A

BRFSS

25
Q

What is an exposure assessment?

A

Process of measuring or estimating individuals’ or populations’ exposure to an agent

26
Q

What are the basic symptoms of asthma?

A

Wheezing
Coughing
Chest tightness
Difficulty breathing
Waking at night

27
Q

What are the three causes of asthma symptoms?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Mucus
  3. Narrowing of airways in lungs
28
Q

What is the prevalence of asthma among Americans?

A

8%

29
Q

What are some of the major outcomes studied related to asthma?

A

Incidence
Mortality
Asthma attacks
ED visits
Hospitalizations

30
Q

Name some triggers of asthma

A

Household dust
Pet dander
Hot or cold weather
Humidity
Mold
Cockroach & rodent feces
Tobacco smoke
Perfumes, cleaners, disinfectants
Allergies
Illness
Emotions & anxiety

31
Q

Which two continents globally have the highest prevalence of asthma?

A

North America
Europe

32
Q

What is the most common chronic disease of childhood?

A

Asthma

33
Q

Before puberty, is asthma more common in boys or girls?

A

Boys

34
Q

What is the prevalence of asthma in children?

A

7% of children in the US

35
Q

Is adult asthma more common in men or women?

A

Women

36
Q

Which has a higher mortality rate? Childhood or adult asthma?

A

Adult

37
Q

Does asthma more commonly resolve in childhood asthma or adult asthma?

A

Childhood

38
Q

Which age group has the highest risk for asthma

A

Teens

39
Q

Which age group has the highest severity of asthma and frequency of attacks

A

Young children

40
Q

Which US racial/ethnic group has the highest prevalence of asthma?

A

Those identifying as multiple races is highest followed by black, then hispanic (specifically Puerto Rican)

41
Q

What are three behaviors that increase the risk of adult-onset asthma?

A
  1. Smoking tobacco – inflammation
  2. Poor diet – inflammation
  3. Lack of exercise – excess weight gain
42
Q

What are the two components of an asthma action plan?

A
  1. Know and avoid triggers
  2. How and when to use medicines
43
Q

What are the basic symptoms of depression?

A

Sadness, hopelessness, irritability, loss of interest, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, sleep problems, loss of appetite, thoughts of suicide, and more

44
Q

How long do symptoms need to be present to be considered a major depressive episode?

A

2 weeks

45
Q

What are the six major causes of depression?

A

Genetics and family history
Traumatic events
Chronic stress
Medical problems
Certain medications
Substance use

46
Q

What are the three types of treatment for depression?

A

Counseling or talk therapy
Medication
Electroconvulsive therapy

47
Q

What is an example of counseling or talk therapy? What are some of its goals?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Goals: getting healthier, quitting substances, overcoming fears, coping with stress, processing past events, etc

48
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of depression in adults in the US?

A

18.5%

49
Q

What is the current prevalence of depression in adults in the US?

A

9%

50
Q

What age group has the highest prevalence of depression?

A

Teens and young adults

51
Q

What racial/ethnic groups have the highest risk for depression?

A

Highest risk in multiracial
Then American Indian/Alaska Native then white

52
Q

When does risk for depression peak?

A

Teen years

53
Q

Do women or men have a higher risk for depression?

A

Women have twice the risk

CPH 315 (3 decks)

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