Final review Flashcards
What are the three types of diabetes?
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Gestational
- Other, such as pancreas trauma
Where were the symptoms of diabetes first described?
Ancient Greece, Egypt, China, and India
What organ secretes insulin?
The pancreas
What is insulin?
A hormone that regulates the body’s glucose absorption
Where in the pancreas is insulin secreted?
Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans
What term describes frequent urination?
Polyuria
What symptoms of diabetes are common across all types?
Polyuria
Extreme thirst and hunger
Fatigue
Unintentional weight loss
Blurry vision
Slow-healing cuts/scrapes
Irritability
What type of disease is type 1 diabetes (T1D)
Autoimmune disease
What is the cell pathology of T1D development?
Islets of Langerhan quit producing insulin
Does T1D have an acute or slow onset?
Acute
In what age group is T1D diagnosis most common?
<15 years old
Which continent has the highest rates of T1D incidence?
Europe
Does T2D have a slow or fast onset?
Slow
What type of diet increases your risk for T2D?
Consuming a western diet
What hypothesis suggests that a genetic predisposition to diabetes could be helpful in times of scarcity?
Thrifty Genotype
What is the pathology of the development of T2D?
Pancreas still produces insulin but the body becomes resistant
What is A1C?
Measure of how much glucose is attached to hemoglobin in the blood
Long-term (past 6 months) measure of blood glucose level
How does risk for T2D change with age?
Increases with age
Which gender has the highest risk of T2D?
Men
Which races/ethnicities have the highest risk in the US?
American Indians / Alaska Natives highest
Then Black / African American and Hispanic
How are education and income and risk for T2D related?
With increasing education and income, risk for T2D decreases
What are three risk-reducing behaviors for diabetes?
- Healthy diet
- Exercise
- Screening
What are four risk-increasing behaviors for obesity?
- High fat and high sugar diet
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Smoking tobacco
- Excessive alcohol use
What are four environmental agents associated with diabetes?
- PFAS chemicals
- Phthalates
- Automobile-dependent environment
- Poor food environment (desert/swamp)
Which survey is this: annual population-based telephone survey conducted in 53 states and territories
BRFSS
What is an exposure assessment?
Process of measuring or estimating individuals’ or populations’ exposure to an agent
What are the basic symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing
Coughing
Chest tightness
Difficulty breathing
Waking at night
What are the three causes of asthma symptoms?
- Inflammation
- Mucus
- Narrowing of airways in lungs
What is the prevalence of asthma among Americans?
8%
What are some of the major outcomes studied related to asthma?
Incidence
Mortality
Asthma attacks
ED visits
Hospitalizations
Name some triggers of asthma
Household dust
Pet dander
Hot or cold weather
Humidity
Mold
Cockroach & rodent feces
Tobacco smoke
Perfumes, cleaners, disinfectants
Allergies
Illness
Emotions & anxiety
Which two continents globally have the highest prevalence of asthma?
North America
Europe
What is the most common chronic disease of childhood?
Asthma
Before puberty, is asthma more common in boys or girls?
Boys
What is the prevalence of asthma in children?
7% of children in the US
Is adult asthma more common in men or women?
Women
Which has a higher mortality rate? Childhood or adult asthma?
Adult
Does asthma more commonly resolve in childhood asthma or adult asthma?
Childhood
Which age group has the highest risk for asthma
Teens
Which age group has the highest severity of asthma and frequency of attacks
Young children
Which US racial/ethnic group has the highest prevalence of asthma?
Those identifying as multiple races is highest followed by black, then hispanic (specifically Puerto Rican)
What are three behaviors that increase the risk of adult-onset asthma?
- Smoking tobacco – inflammation
- Poor diet – inflammation
- Lack of exercise – excess weight gain
What are the two components of an asthma action plan?
- Know and avoid triggers
- How and when to use medicines
What are the basic symptoms of depression?
Sadness, hopelessness, irritability, loss of interest, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, sleep problems, loss of appetite, thoughts of suicide, and more
How long do symptoms need to be present to be considered a major depressive episode?
2 weeks
What are the six major causes of depression?
Genetics and family history
Traumatic events
Chronic stress
Medical problems
Certain medications
Substance use
What are the three types of treatment for depression?
Counseling or talk therapy
Medication
Electroconvulsive therapy
What is an example of counseling or talk therapy? What are some of its goals?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Goals: getting healthier, quitting substances, overcoming fears, coping with stress, processing past events, etc
What is the lifetime prevalence of depression in adults in the US?
18.5%
What is the current prevalence of depression in adults in the US?
9%
What age group has the highest prevalence of depression?
Teens and young adults
What racial/ethnic groups have the highest risk for depression?
Highest risk in multiracial
Then American Indian/Alaska Native then white
When does risk for depression peak?
Teen years
Do women or men have a higher risk for depression?
Women have twice the risk
