Final Review Flashcards
Strongest part of heart
Left ventricle
Nitro contraindications
Ed med, hypotension (systolic below 100), head injury decreased loc
Thermal burn
Burn caused by heat
Flame Burn
Deep burn caused by open flame
Scald burn
Burn cause by hot liquid, common while cooking. Normally covers large surface area
Contact burn
Happens when you touch hot objects
Steam burn
Causes topical burn, hot steam touches normally hands
Flash burn
Produced by an explosion, brief extreme heat. Also from lightning strikes
Side effects of nitro
Headache, nausea,burning under the tongue
What nerve controls the diaphragm
Phernic
Difference between adults and Peds when securing to backboard?
Child is placed in middle of board, pad head.
What causes ulcers
Infection of stomach from bacteria
Excessive ibuprofen and aspirin
excessive Alcohol
Why do children grunt when they have difficult breathing
Keep airway open
Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood
How to treat flash burns
Dry sterile dressing
Hemorrhagic stroke
Bleeding in brain leads to aneurysm
Vitreous humor
Clear jellylike fluid in the back of eye, can’t be replaced
Signs of shock
Labored irregular breathing, thready/absent peripheral pulses
Ashen mottled skin
Pale cool clammy
Newtons 2nd law of motion
Force = mass x acceleration
Head injury in peds S&S that is different then adults
Always suspected head injury if nausea and vomiting are present
Most common cause of dehydration in peds?
Vomiting and diarrhea
Black widow bite S&S
Numbness at bite sight, dizziness, N&V, rash,tightness in chest diff breathing
Angina pectoris
The Hearts need for O2 exceeds its supply (heart tissue isn’t getting enough O2)
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle, tubes like intestines and veins…
Small pox S&S
High fever, vomiting, rash, headache
Starts in face and extremities then to chest, turns in blister
How to asses LOC on infant
PAT Triangle
Appearance, work of breathing and circulation to skin
When treating tissue trauma is it better to treat in hot or cold environment
Cold because of the decomp of tissues is slower
Placenta purpose
How baby gets nutrients and o2 connected by umbilical cord
JUMP kit
Everything you need for for the 1st 5 min
When are falls significant
20ft adults
10ft peds
Tactical situation
Park one block away
Contact IC
Cardiogenic shock
Low fluid volume, pump failure, poor vessel function
Axial loading
Load applies along vertical axis resulting in load transmitted along entire vertebral column.
Fall where you land on your feet
What does the inferior vena cava do?
Carries blood from the lower extremities, pelvis and abdominal organs to the heart
How do you park the Ambo on scene?
If 2nd to arrive Park 100ft beyond scene so you have a quick getaway
If 1st to arrive park 100ft in front of scene so your blocking traffic flow and protecting accident
How do kids most often get burned?
Scald burns
How would you treat a SA victim with vaginal bleeding?
Get same gender EMT to place a dry sterile dressing to collect blood
CPR ratios
30 to 2 for adults PEDS 15 to 2
120bpm
2 inch deep
When do you stop using CPAP
When the systolic is less then 90
True labor
Contractions are getting stronger and closer together with time
Ischemic Stroke
Most common, blood flow is blocked inside a blood vessel
How do you treat something that is stuck and protruding out of an eye?
Donut wrap around object and wrap to keep in place make sure to cover both eyes
What is a subnorachnoid hemorrhage?
Bleeding between the Pia and Arachnoid layers
When do you transport a patient?
After ABCs have been assessed you determine transport priority
When driving with lights and sirens blue lights vs red lights
You are requesting other drivers to yield
What affects your CO?
Heart rate x Stroke volume
What should you do if an AED is malfunctioning
Turn it off then back on
Report is malfunction
When do you use an AED when under 9 years old
Witnessed- call EMS grab AED then cpr
Unwitnessed- startup cpr then call ems and get AED
What is Cavitation
Speed by bullet causes pressure wave, causing damage distant from bullets path
What is the 1st thing you do when arriving on an accident scene?
Scene size up
Scene safety
Give dispatch update
Hypoglycemia vs hyperglycemia? How do we treat
Hypo = low blood glucose give oral glucose
Hyper= high blood glucose needs ALS to give insulin, try to dilute with water intake
Abrupto Placenta
Separates prematurely from uterine wall causing massive hemorrhage
Tearing pain, vaginal bleeding that’s not heavy
Obstructive Shock and the 3 most common types
Obstruction that prevents an adequate volume of blood from being distributed to the body.
Cardiac tamponade
Tension pneumothorax
Pulmonary embolism
What causes JVD
Right side heart failure
Tension pneumothorax
Pericardial tamponade
What 4 things do you use to determine if resuscitation is needed in newborns?
Airway positioning and suction as needed
Drying
Warming
Tactile stimulation
Systolic vs diastolic pressure
Systolic = left ventricle contracts (Top #)
Diastolic = left ventricle relaxes (Bottom #)
What happens when the diaphragm distends?
Ilues causes anything eaten to not pass through the stomach through the bowel. The only way to empty is by emesis. Vomiting and nausea is most commonly associated with distention
**Peritonitis causes ilues (paralysis of muscular contractions) this prevents the traveling of materials through the intestine. This creates gas and feces buildup causing distention.
How does our skin regulate temperature?
The production of sweat, its evaporated from skins surface helping regulate temp.
*** High temp = BV in dermis dilate ⬆️ blood flow to skin allows heat to dissipate
What are the effects of Chlorine & Phosgene on the body?
They are both Pulmonary Agents(Choking Agents)
(CL) Upper airway irritation(Hoarseness and stridor), shortness of breath, tightness in chest, gasping& coughing
Phosgene: delayed onset of symptoms, smells like freshly cut grass, Nausea, chest tightness, severe cough and dyspnea on exertion.
Where do you place 12 leads for Cardiac Monitoring?
V1- 4th intercostal space (Right sternal border)
V2- 4th intercostal space (Light sternal border)
V3- Between V2 and V4
V4- 5th intercostal space (midclavicular line)
V5- Lateral to V4 (anterior auxiliary line)
V6- Lateral to V5 (midaxillary line)
RA(Right Arm), LA(Left Arm), LL(Left Leg), RL(right leg)
What is an air embolism?
When air enters circulatory system through a vein this leads to the heart and can cause cardiac arrest if enough air enters. Happens mostly through penetrating injuries
***Also caused by SCUBA diving- diver holds breath on rapid ascent pressure in lungs increases causing alveoli to rupture this alowes air into bloodstream creating bubbles of air in the vessels.
Minimum amount of O2 in portable tank when you crack it open should be?
1000 psi
Sometimes 500 pst depending on SOP
How do you suction an airway?
Place catheter as far as you can see into oropharynx without suction on. apply suction moving in outward circular motion for no more than 15 sec for adults 10 sec children 5 sec infants
When is a baby considered premature?
Born before 36 weeks (8 months) or baby weighs less then 5lbs
At what age does the Fontanelles close?
9 to 18 Months for the Anterior
***3 month for the Posterior
How is TB spread?
*** S&S
Bacterial infection spread by coughing
*** Night Sweats, weight loss, fatigue, fever and coughing
What do you do when PT is in arrest and family says they have a DNR but they can’t find it?
Must begin resuscitation efforts unless the DNR is found. Implied consent because DNR isn’t there
When would you use a disposable humidifier?
PTs who have an extended transport time or Pt with CROUP.
***Think long term O2 therapy
Strangulated Hernia
Protrusion of an organ or tissue through opening into body, a hernia becomes strangulated when protrusion is compressed by surrounding tissue compromising the blood supply causing tissue to die (because perfusion is compromised)
What is guarding?
Involuntary muscle contractions/spasms of the abdominal wall, trying to protect inflamed abdomen
What does the Sympathetic Nervous system control
The adrenergic( part of autonomic peripheral nervous system responsible for fight or flight response(Adrenaline)
A1- BV Constrict (Skin:pale,cool,clammy
B1- Heart beats faster ( Increase force of contraction)
B2- Lungs, bronchodilate
What is External Respiration?
Exchange of gases between the lungs and blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries (aka Pulmonary respiration)
Cellular Metabolism & the two types
Set of Chem. Reactions that supply cells with energy.
Including Anaerobic(absence of o2: byproduct is lactic acid) and Aerobic(only produced in presence of O2) Metabolism
Hyperventilation definition and Hyperventilation Syndrome
Rapid, deep breathing that lower the blood CO2 level. Can be causes by high blood sugar, overdose on aspirin or severe infection (Body trying to stay alive,compensating for acidosis)
The syndrome occurs in absence of physical problem. 40 Shallow breaths/min or as low as 20 very deep breaths/min. Associated with panic attacks (gets rid of too much CO2, causing Alkalosis[excess base])
Anthrax “Bacillus Anthracis”
Bacterium disease that lies dormant in a spore and will releases as a certain temp and moisture level.
Transmitted by: inhalation/direct contact of spore, gastrointestinal(food that contains spores)
Pulmonary(inhalation) anthrax is the most deadly, 90% death rate
S&S: Flulike symptoms, fever, respiratory distress w/tachycardia, pulmonary edema.
Sulfur Mustard (H)
AKA - Mustard gas
Brown/yellowish oily substance, attacks bone marrow depleting white blood cells(can’t fight infection)
Absorbed into skin/mucous membranes(within seconds) starting an irreversible process of damage to skin(1 to 2 min). It mutates, damages and changes the structures of cells
S&S - Reddening of skin that turns into large blisters, upper and lower airway compromise (4 to 6 hours after exposure)
How to Chemoreceptors work?
Monitors levels of: O2, CO2 & pH levels of the CSF and then provides feedback to respiratory centers to modify Rate and Depth of breathing based on the body’s need at any given time
How do you tell if you are bagging properly?
Adequate chest rise and fall of chest
SP02 level goes up
S&S of Increased Cranial Pressure (ICP)
Crushing Reflex: ⬆️ SBP, ⬇️ HR, Cheyne-Stokes(Fast then slow then apnea RR) or Ataxic/Biot(Irregular rate,pattern&Volume then Apnea RR)
ALOC, Headache, N&V, sluggish/nonreactive pupils, increased and widening pulse pressure and decerebrate posturing.
***Brain squeezed against cranium by: blood accumulating or swelling of brain
Hand placement for chest compressions
Infant = two-thumb-encircling method over lower half of sternum (Depth 1/3 of chest, 2 inch)
Child = Heal of one hand to compress chest (Depth 1/3 of chest, 1.5 inch)
Adult = Heal of hand in center of chest then heal of other. Hand on top of 1st hand interlocking fingers. (Depth of 2 to 2.4 inch)
How do you treat Chemical(Strong acids & Alkaline) burns of the Eye
Flush eye from the inner corner of eye towards outside corner with water or sterile saline as gently as possible for 20 min. After the 20 min place dry sterile dressing to cover eye, if only one eye is affected keep both eyes closed.
What is Placenta Previa?
Placenta covers cervix as it develops, needs C-Section cant deliver in field
S&S- heavy vaginal bleeding without significant pain
S&S of Preclampsia
After 20 weeks, hypertension, headache, visual abnormalities “Spots”, Swelling of hands and feet, Dysprea(Substernal Chest Pain), anxiety and AMS
Why do cars have airbags?
Provides final capture point of passenger and decreases the severity of deceleration injuries, allowed seatbelts to be more compliant because it gently cushions occupant as body slows/decelerates.
Triage, what’s the difference between: Immediate, delayed, Walking & Expectant
Immediate(Red Tag):airway compromise, uncontrolled bleeding, major burn, open chest/abdom. Injury, shock
Delayed(Yellow Tag):burns w/no airway compromise,major/minor bone or joint injuries,
Walking(Green Tag): minimal to no treatment, Walking wounded, minor fractures, minor soft tissue injuries
Expectant(Black Tag):Obvious death, major brain trauma, Cardiac arrest,(Respiratory Arrest if limited resources)
Why do we need our PTs weight? (Thinks Meds)
When administering Activated charcoal you need pt weight to calculate dosage
1 to 2 g/kg MAX 25-50g (PO)
Class: Absorbent Indications: oral poisoning; overdose. Notes: don’t give with other PO meds(Vomit)
Contraindications: corrosive or petroleum substances, overdose on caustics or decreased LOC
S&S of intra-abdominal bleeding
Acute abdominal pain, distention from fluid buildup = Blood in peritoneal cavity
Will initially appear as abrasions because it takes hours for hematoma/contusions to become visible, N&V most common
Hollow organ blunt trauma = delayed S&S (peritonitis or infection of Abdominal wall)
Liver: hypoperfusion(most vascular), referred right shoulder pain
Kidney: Hematuria, major blood loss because kidneys are filtration organs
Diaphragm: Dyspnea, short of breath and anxious when laying supine on backboard
S&S of a concussion
Weakness, visual change, nausea, slurred speech, ringing in ear, delay in motor function and inappropriate emotional response.
***Temporary loss of brains abilities
Why do we use the recovery position?
Maintains patent airway in an unconscious pt who isn’t injured and their breathing adequately on their own
How do we treat a dislocated patella?
Keep knee flexed and secure it with padded splints or pillows (immobilize in place and rapid transport)
What are Esophageal varies? Who gets them?
Bulging, engorgement or weakening of the BV in the lining of the lower part of the esophagus
PTs who consume a lot of alcohol or who have liver disease
S&S: Hematemesis, Jaundice, painless bleeding in digestive tract causes shock(Pale,cool,clammy)
How do you help stop vaginal bleeding after pt has finished giving birth?
Fundal massage (kneading motion)
What is Plural Fluid?
Prevents friction between lungs and chest cavity during respiration
***Connected between the Visceral and parietal pleurae
What is an Absent seizure?
AKA Petit-mall seizure
Brief lapse of consciousness (Staring with no response, begins and ends abruptly) lasts only a few seconds
Definitive and Presumptive Signs of Death
Definitive: Putrefaction(decomp.of body tissue) 40 to 90 min after death, decapitation,rigor mortis(stiffening of muscles) 2 to 12 hours after death
Presumptive: Unresponsive to painful stimuli, No carotid pulse, No pupillary reaction, Profound cyanosis, no chest rise & fall
What is the psi of a full O2 canister?
2000 psi
What are Braxton Hicks
False labor, pain/contractions that comes and goes with no frequency
What is Hematauria
Blood in urine
How do you treat Evisceration?
Organs on the outside of body
Treat by covering wound with sterile gauze moistened with saline and cover with occlusive dressing (Keep protruding organs moist and warm)
What is Botulinum?
Most potent Neurotoxin produced by bacteria. It’s ingested or inhaled
paralysis beginning at head then travels down the body. Diaphragm is paralyzed causing respiratory arrest
S&S: Dry mouth, urinary retention, N&V, pupil dilation, difficulty swallowing and speaking
What does Automaticity mean?
Ability of the heart to contract without stimulation from the nervous system
What are the risk factors for SIDS
Major Infection, child abuse, Airway obstruction, meningitis, accidental/intentional poisoning, Hypoglycemia
What is Cholecystitis?
Inflamed gallbladder, due to gallstones
Sudden onset upper abdominal pain, N&V
Why do people with diabetes urinate excessively
kidneys cant keep up with high blood glucose so it is excreted into your urine taking more fluid then needed causing dehydration making you thirsty
