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EMT > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Strongest part of heart

A

Left ventricle

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2
Q

Nitro contraindications

A

Ed med, hypotension (systolic below 100), head injury decreased loc

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3
Q

Thermal burn

A

Burn caused by heat

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4
Q

Flame Burn

A

Deep burn caused by open flame

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5
Q

Scald burn

A

Burn cause by hot liquid, common while cooking. Normally covers large surface area

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6
Q

Contact burn

A

Happens when you touch hot objects

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7
Q

Steam burn

A

Causes topical burn, hot steam touches normally hands

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8
Q

Flash burn

A

Produced by an explosion, brief extreme heat. Also from lightning strikes

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9
Q

Side effects of nitro

A

Headache, nausea,burning under the tongue

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10
Q

What nerve controls the diaphragm

A

Phernic

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11
Q

Difference between adults and Peds when securing to backboard?

A

Child is placed in middle of board, pad head.

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12
Q

What causes ulcers

A

Infection of stomach from bacteria
Excessive ibuprofen and aspirin
excessive Alcohol

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13
Q

Why do children grunt when they have difficult breathing

A

Keep airway open

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14
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing up blood

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15
Q

How to treat flash burns

A

Dry sterile dressing

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16
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Bleeding in brain leads to aneurysm

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17
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Clear jellylike fluid in the back of eye, can’t be replaced

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18
Q

Signs of shock

A

Labored irregular breathing, thready/absent peripheral pulses
Ashen mottled skin
Pale cool clammy

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19
Q

Newtons 2nd law of motion

A

Force = mass x acceleration

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20
Q

Head injury in peds S&S that is different then adults

A

Always suspected head injury if nausea and vomiting are present

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21
Q

Most common cause of dehydration in peds?

A

Vomiting and diarrhea

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22
Q

Black widow bite S&S

A

Numbness at bite sight, dizziness, N&V, rash,tightness in chest diff breathing

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23
Q

Angina pectoris

A

The Hearts need for O2 exceeds its supply (heart tissue isn’t getting enough O2)

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24
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle, tubes like intestines and veins…

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25
Q

Small pox S&S

A

High fever, vomiting, rash, headache
Starts in face and extremities then to chest, turns in blister

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26
Q

How to asses LOC on infant

A

PAT Triangle
Appearance, work of breathing and circulation to skin

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27
Q

When treating tissue trauma is it better to treat in hot or cold environment

A

Cold because of the decomp of tissues is slower

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28
Q

Placenta purpose

A

How baby gets nutrients and o2 connected by umbilical cord

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29
Q

JUMP kit

A

Everything you need for for the 1st 5 min

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30
Q

When are falls significant

A

20ft adults
10ft peds

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31
Q

Tactical situation

A

Park one block away
Contact IC

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32
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Low fluid volume, pump failure, poor vessel function

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33
Q

Axial loading

A

Load applies along vertical axis resulting in load transmitted along entire vertebral column.

Fall where you land on your feet

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34
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

Carries blood from the lower extremities, pelvis and abdominal organs to the heart

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35
Q

How do you park the Ambo on scene?

A

If 2nd to arrive Park 100ft beyond scene so you have a quick getaway

If 1st to arrive park 100ft in front of scene so your blocking traffic flow and protecting accident

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36
Q

How do kids most often get burned?

A

Scald burns

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37
Q

How would you treat a SA victim with vaginal bleeding?

A

Get same gender EMT to place a dry sterile dressing to collect blood

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38
Q

CPR ratios

A

30 to 2 for adults PEDS 15 to 2
120bpm
2 inch deep

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39
Q

When do you stop using CPAP

A

When the systolic is less then 90

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40
Q

True labor

A

Contractions are getting stronger and closer together with time

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41
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Most common, blood flow is blocked inside a blood vessel

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42
Q

How do you treat something that is stuck and protruding out of an eye?

A

Donut wrap around object and wrap to keep in place make sure to cover both eyes

43
Q

What is a subnorachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Bleeding between the Pia and Arachnoid layers

44
Q

When do you transport a patient?

A

After ABCs have been assessed you determine transport priority

45
Q

When driving with lights and sirens blue lights vs red lights

A

You are requesting other drivers to yield

46
Q

What affects your CO?

A

Heart rate x Stroke volume

47
Q

What should you do if an AED is malfunctioning

A

Turn it off then back on
Report is malfunction

48
Q

When do you use an AED when under 9 years old

A

Witnessed- call EMS grab AED then cpr
Unwitnessed- startup cpr then call ems and get AED

49
Q

What is Cavitation

A

Speed by bullet causes pressure wave, causing damage distant from bullets path

50
Q

What is the 1st thing you do when arriving on an accident scene?

A

Scene size up
Scene safety
Give dispatch update

51
Q

Hypoglycemia vs hyperglycemia? How do we treat

A

Hypo = low blood glucose give oral glucose
Hyper= high blood glucose needs ALS to give insulin, try to dilute with water intake

52
Q

Abrupto Placenta

A

Separates prematurely from uterine wall causing massive hemorrhage

Tearing pain, vaginal bleeding that’s not heavy

53
Q

Obstructive Shock and the 3 most common types

A

Obstruction that prevents an adequate volume of blood from being distributed to the body.

Cardiac tamponade
Tension pneumothorax
Pulmonary embolism

54
Q

What causes JVD

A

Right side heart failure
Tension pneumothorax
Pericardial tamponade

55
Q

What 4 things do you use to determine if resuscitation is needed in newborns?

A

Airway positioning and suction as needed
Drying
Warming
Tactile stimulation

56
Q

Systolic vs diastolic pressure

A

Systolic = left ventricle contracts (Top #)
Diastolic = left ventricle relaxes (Bottom #)

57
Q

What happens when the diaphragm distends?

A

Ilues causes anything eaten to not pass through the stomach through the bowel. The only way to empty is by emesis. Vomiting and nausea is most commonly associated with distention

**Peritonitis causes ilues (paralysis of muscular contractions) this prevents the traveling of materials through the intestine. This creates gas and feces buildup causing distention.

58
Q

How does our skin regulate temperature?

A

The production of sweat, its evaporated from skins surface helping regulate temp.

*** High temp = BV in dermis dilate ⬆️ blood flow to skin allows heat to dissipate

59
Q

What are the effects of Chlorine & Phosgene on the body?

A

They are both Pulmonary Agents(Choking Agents)

(CL) Upper airway irritation(Hoarseness and stridor), shortness of breath, tightness in chest, gasping& coughing

Phosgene: delayed onset of symptoms, smells like freshly cut grass, Nausea, chest tightness, severe cough and dyspnea on exertion.

60
Q

Where do you place 12 leads for Cardiac Monitoring?

A

V1- 4th intercostal space (Right sternal border)
V2- 4th intercostal space (Light sternal border)
V3- Between V2 and V4
V4- 5th intercostal space (midclavicular line)
V5- Lateral to V4 (anterior auxiliary line)
V6- Lateral to V5 (midaxillary line)

RA(Right Arm), LA(Left Arm), LL(Left Leg), RL(right leg)

61
Q

What is an air embolism?

A

When air enters circulatory system through a vein this leads to the heart and can cause cardiac arrest if enough air enters. Happens mostly through penetrating injuries

***Also caused by SCUBA diving- diver holds breath on rapid ascent pressure in lungs increases causing alveoli to rupture this alowes air into bloodstream creating bubbles of air in the vessels.

62
Q

Minimum amount of O2 in portable tank when you crack it open should be?

A

1000 psi

Sometimes 500 pst depending on SOP

63
Q

How do you suction an airway?

A

Place catheter as far as you can see into oropharynx without suction on. apply suction moving in outward circular motion for no more than 15 sec for adults 10 sec children 5 sec infants

64
Q

When is a baby considered premature?

A

Born before 36 weeks (8 months) or baby weighs less then 5lbs

65
Q

At what age does the Fontanelles close?

A

9 to 18 Months for the Anterior
***3 month for the Posterior

66
Q

How is TB spread?

*** S&S

A

Bacterial infection spread by coughing

*** Night Sweats, weight loss, fatigue, fever and coughing

67
Q

What do you do when PT is in arrest and family says they have a DNR but they can’t find it?

A

Must begin resuscitation efforts unless the DNR is found. Implied consent because DNR isn’t there

68
Q

When would you use a disposable humidifier?

A

PTs who have an extended transport time or Pt with CROUP.

***Think long term O2 therapy

69
Q

Strangulated Hernia

A

Protrusion of an organ or tissue through opening into body, a hernia becomes strangulated when protrusion is compressed by surrounding tissue compromising the blood supply causing tissue to die (because perfusion is compromised)

70
Q

What is guarding?

A

Involuntary muscle contractions/spasms of the abdominal wall, trying to protect inflamed abdomen

71
Q

What does the Sympathetic Nervous system control

A

The adrenergic( part of autonomic peripheral nervous system responsible for fight or flight response(Adrenaline)

A1- BV Constrict (Skin:pale,cool,clammy
B1- Heart beats faster ( Increase force of contraction)
B2- Lungs, bronchodilate

72
Q

What is External Respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between the lungs and blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries (aka Pulmonary respiration)

73
Q

Cellular Metabolism & the two types

A

Set of Chem. Reactions that supply cells with energy.

Including Anaerobic(absence of o2: byproduct is lactic acid) and Aerobic(only produced in presence of O2) Metabolism

74
Q

Hyperventilation definition and Hyperventilation Syndrome

A

Rapid, deep breathing that lower the blood CO2 level. Can be causes by high blood sugar, overdose on aspirin or severe infection (Body trying to stay alive,compensating for acidosis)

The syndrome occurs in absence of physical problem. 40 Shallow breaths/min or as low as 20 very deep breaths/min. Associated with panic attacks (gets rid of too much CO2, causing Alkalosis[excess base])

75
Q

Anthrax “Bacillus Anthracis”

A

Bacterium disease that lies dormant in a spore and will releases as a certain temp and moisture level.

Transmitted by: inhalation/direct contact of spore, gastrointestinal(food that contains spores)

Pulmonary(inhalation) anthrax is the most deadly, 90% death rate

S&S: Flulike symptoms, fever, respiratory distress w/tachycardia, pulmonary edema.

76
Q

Sulfur Mustard (H)

A

AKA - Mustard gas

Brown/yellowish oily substance, attacks bone marrow depleting white blood cells(can’t fight infection)

Absorbed into skin/mucous membranes(within seconds) starting an irreversible process of damage to skin(1 to 2 min). It mutates, damages and changes the structures of cells

S&S - Reddening of skin that turns into large blisters, upper and lower airway compromise (4 to 6 hours after exposure)

77
Q

How to Chemoreceptors work?

A

Monitors levels of: O2, CO2 & pH levels of the CSF and then provides feedback to respiratory centers to modify Rate and Depth of breathing based on the body’s need at any given time

78
Q

How do you tell if you are bagging properly?

A

Adequate chest rise and fall of chest

SP02 level goes up

79
Q

S&S of Increased Cranial Pressure (ICP)

A

Crushing Reflex: ⬆️ SBP, ⬇️ HR, Cheyne-Stokes(Fast then slow then apnea RR) or Ataxic/Biot(Irregular rate,pattern&Volume then Apnea RR)

ALOC, Headache, N&V, sluggish/nonreactive pupils, increased and widening pulse pressure and decerebrate posturing.

***Brain squeezed against cranium by: blood accumulating or swelling of brain

80
Q

Hand placement for chest compressions

A

Infant = two-thumb-encircling method over lower half of sternum (Depth 1/3 of chest, 2 inch)

Child = Heal of one hand to compress chest (Depth 1/3 of chest, 1.5 inch)

Adult = Heal of hand in center of chest then heal of other. Hand on top of 1st hand interlocking fingers. (Depth of 2 to 2.4 inch)

81
Q

How do you treat Chemical(Strong acids & Alkaline) burns of the Eye

A

Flush eye from the inner corner of eye towards outside corner with water or sterile saline as gently as possible for 20 min. After the 20 min place dry sterile dressing to cover eye, if only one eye is affected keep both eyes closed.

82
Q

What is Placenta Previa?

A

Placenta covers cervix as it develops, needs C-Section cant deliver in field

S&S- heavy vaginal bleeding without significant pain

83
Q

S&S of Preclampsia

A

After 20 weeks, hypertension, headache, visual abnormalities “Spots”, Swelling of hands and feet, Dysprea(Substernal Chest Pain), anxiety and AMS

84
Q

Why do cars have airbags?

A

Provides final capture point of passenger and decreases the severity of deceleration injuries, allowed seatbelts to be more compliant because it gently cushions occupant as body slows/decelerates.

85
Q

Triage, what’s the difference between: Immediate, delayed, Walking & Expectant

A

Immediate(Red Tag):airway compromise, uncontrolled bleeding, major burn, open chest/abdom. Injury, shock
Delayed(Yellow Tag):burns w/no airway compromise,major/minor bone or joint injuries,
Walking(Green Tag): minimal to no treatment, Walking wounded, minor fractures, minor soft tissue injuries
Expectant(Black Tag):Obvious death, major brain trauma, Cardiac arrest,(Respiratory Arrest if limited resources)

86
Q

Why do we need our PTs weight? (Thinks Meds)

A

When administering Activated charcoal you need pt weight to calculate dosage
1 to 2 g/kg MAX 25-50g (PO)

Class: Absorbent Indications: oral poisoning; overdose. Notes: don’t give with other PO meds(Vomit)

Contraindications: corrosive or petroleum substances, overdose on caustics or decreased LOC

87
Q

S&S of intra-abdominal bleeding

A

Acute abdominal pain, distention from fluid buildup = Blood in peritoneal cavity

Will initially appear as abrasions because it takes hours for hematoma/contusions to become visible, N&V most common

Hollow organ blunt trauma = delayed S&S (peritonitis or infection of Abdominal wall)
Liver: hypoperfusion(most vascular), referred right shoulder pain
Kidney: Hematuria, major blood loss because kidneys are filtration organs
Diaphragm: Dyspnea, short of breath and anxious when laying supine on backboard

88
Q

S&S of a concussion

A

Weakness, visual change, nausea, slurred speech, ringing in ear, delay in motor function and inappropriate emotional response.

***Temporary loss of brains abilities

89
Q

Why do we use the recovery position?

A

Maintains patent airway in an unconscious pt who isn’t injured and their breathing adequately on their own

90
Q

How do we treat a dislocated patella?

A

Keep knee flexed and secure it with padded splints or pillows (immobilize in place and rapid transport)

91
Q

What are Esophageal varies? Who gets them?

A

Bulging, engorgement or weakening of the BV in the lining of the lower part of the esophagus
PTs who consume a lot of alcohol or who have liver disease
S&S: Hematemesis, Jaundice, painless bleeding in digestive tract causes shock(Pale,cool,clammy)

92
Q

How do you help stop vaginal bleeding after pt has finished giving birth?

A

Fundal massage (kneading motion)

93
Q

What is Plural Fluid?

A

Prevents friction between lungs and chest cavity during respiration
***Connected between the Visceral and parietal pleurae

94
Q

What is an Absent seizure?

A

AKA Petit-mall seizure

Brief lapse of consciousness (Staring with no response, begins and ends abruptly) lasts only a few seconds

95
Q

Definitive and Presumptive Signs of Death

A

Definitive: Putrefaction(decomp.of body tissue) 40 to 90 min after death, decapitation,rigor mortis(stiffening of muscles) 2 to 12 hours after death

Presumptive: Unresponsive to painful stimuli, No carotid pulse, No pupillary reaction, Profound cyanosis, no chest rise & fall

96
Q

What is the psi of a full O2 canister?

A

2000 psi

97
Q

What are Braxton Hicks

A

False labor, pain/contractions that comes and goes with no frequency

98
Q

What is Hematauria

A

Blood in urine

99
Q

How do you treat Evisceration?

A

Organs on the outside of body

Treat by covering wound with sterile gauze moistened with saline and cover with occlusive dressing (Keep protruding organs moist and warm)

100
Q

What is Botulinum?

A

Most potent Neurotoxin produced by bacteria. It’s ingested or inhaled
paralysis beginning at head then travels down the body. Diaphragm is paralyzed causing respiratory arrest

S&S: Dry mouth, urinary retention, N&V, pupil dilation, difficulty swallowing and speaking

101
Q

What does Automaticity mean?

A

Ability of the heart to contract without stimulation from the nervous system

102
Q

What are the risk factors for SIDS

A

Major Infection, child abuse, Airway obstruction, meningitis, accidental/intentional poisoning, Hypoglycemia

103
Q

What is Cholecystitis?

A

Inflamed gallbladder, due to gallstones

Sudden onset upper abdominal pain, N&V

104
Q

Why do people with diabetes urinate excessively

A

kidneys cant keep up with high blood glucose so it is excreted into your urine taking more fluid then needed causing dehydration making you thirsty

EMT (10 decks)

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