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PSYCH 102 > FINAL - Psych 102 > Flashcards

FINAL - Psych 102 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory relay of the brain

A

THALAMUS

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2
Q

lateral geniculate nuclei

A

primary relay center for visual information received from the retina of the eye

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3
Q

From the Lateral Geniculate Nuclei, visual information travels to..

A

Magnocellular or Parvocellular channel found within thalamus

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4
Q

magnocellular channel:
receives info from?
aka..?

A

motion, depth, brightness
rods
WHERE pathway

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5
Q

parvocellular channel:
receives info from?
aka..?

A

colour, form, texture
cones
WHAT pathway

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6
Q

visual information is sent to visual part of thalamus (in forebrain) and then sends most of it to..
some projections also sent to…

A

primary visual cortex

superior colliculi in midbrain (visual system)

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7
Q

primary visual cortex

A

retinotopic map with more area dedicated to the fovea

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8
Q

Superior colliculi involved in…

A
  • older, localization of objects in space, coordination with other sensory modalities
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9
Q

Visual info sent to midbrain –>___–>___

A

midbrain -> thalamus -> 1st level visual association cortex (occipital lobe)

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10
Q

primary visual cortex arranged in …

A

tiles or modules

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11
Q

Neurons in each module of primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)

A

neurons in each module analyze information for small area on retina (e.g., colour, shape, orientation, movement)

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12
Q

first level visual association cortex:

found where?

A

adjacent areas of the occipital lobe

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13
Q

second level visual association cortex: (2)

receives what info? found where?

A 
parietal lobe (magnocellular info)
 temporal lobe (parvocellular info)
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14
Q

receptive field:

A

area on the retina that a neuron will respond to

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15
Q
  • neurons within the same tile of the primary visual cortex have what in common?
A

have the same receptive field

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16
Q

Organization of ganglion cells produces

A

centre- surround receptive fields
- light at centre of receptive field stimulates higher rate of firing of neurone (in centre) than outer periphery (inhibited firing)

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17
Q

Simple cells

A

cells in V1 that respond to light or dark bars in a specific orientation

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18
Q

Complex cells

A

cells in V1 (primary visual cortex) that respond to movement of light or dark bars in specific direction

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19
Q

hyper complex cells (end-stopped cells)

A

cells in V1 that responds to moving lines of specific length or moving corners or angles

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20
Q

visual processing is characterized by: (2)

A

bottom up or data driven processing

hierarchical organization

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21
Q

bottom-up or data-driven processing:

A

analysis & integration of basic features into a perceptual unit (features –> object)

(Construct whole stimulus from its parts)

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22
Q

hierarchical organization:

A

formation of perceptual units through increasingly complex connections b/w simple units
(feature detectors –> object)

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23
Q

information from separate tiles integrated where?

- __, ___, ___ analyzed separately

A

at first level of association cortex

form, movement, colour

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24
Q

second level parietal:

info about?

A

where is it? magnocellular

information about movement

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25
Q

Damage to Second level parietal leads to..(2)

A

motion agnosia, Balint’s syndrome

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26
Q

Motion Agnosia

A

loss of ability to perceive motion as a result of damage to parietal lobe (can’t see motion)

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27
Q

Balint’s Syndrome

A

syndrome characterized by inability to understand placement of objects relative to each other (objects jumbled, & in no particular order)

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28
Q

second level temporal:

info about?

A

what is it? parvocellular

information about color, form

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29
Q

Damage to Second level temporal leads to..(2)

A

visual agnosia, prosopagnosia

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30
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

involve the inability to recognize objects (as a result of damage to

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31
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

rules governing how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context

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32
Q

Form perception -

A

separates figure (objects) from ground (background) through boundaries or contours

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33
Q

Gestalt psychology:

A

laws of grouping determine how elements of visual array will combine to form objects

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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34
Q

(7) Gestalt Principles

A 
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Closure
Common Region
Connectness 
Simplicity
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35
Q

Proximity

A

objects near each other tend to be seen as a unit

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36
Q

Similarity

A

objects similar to each other tend to be seen as a unit

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37
Q

Continuity

A

objects arranged in either a straight line or a smooth curve to be seen as a unit

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38
Q

Common Region

A

when similar objects move in the same direction we tend to see them as a unit

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39
Q

Connectness

A

connected items tend to be seen as a unit

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40
Q

Simplicity

A

aka law of Pragnanz
of several geometrically possible organizations, the one will actually occur which possesses the best, simplest and most stable shape

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41
Q

Closure

A

objects arranged in either a straight line or a smooth curve to be seen as a unit

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42
Q

top-down or conceptually driven processing:

A

the use of context in order to guide perception

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43
Q

we use (2) kinds of cues to perceive depth

A

1) monocular

2) binocular

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44
Q

we can perceive ___ using only one eye?

A

3 dimensions

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45
Q

monocular cues (2) ‘types’

A

pictorial and non-pictorial

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46
Q

Cue that is non-pictorial..

A

motion parallax

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47
Q

motion parallax

A

ability to judge distance of moving object from their speed

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48
Q

pictorial cues (7)

A 
interposition 
relative size
linear perspective
texture
haze
shading
elevation
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49
Q

Interposition

A

overlap shows distance,
closer object in front of farther object
can tell which is closer/farther

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50
Q

Relative Size

A

all things being equal, more distant objects look smaller than closer
(if objects roughly same size)

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51
Q

Linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to meet as they travel into distance (converge as distances increase)

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52
Q

Texture

A

texture of objects become less apparent as object move far away

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53
Q

We can perceive 3D using only one eye by relying on pictorial cues to gives us a sense of…
help us perceive?

A

a sense of whats located where in stationary scenes

- help us perceive depth

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54
Q

Haze

A

as objects get farther away they become less clear

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55
Q

Shading

A

objects cast shadows that give us a sense of their 3D form

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56
Q

Elevation

A

in a scene, distance objects appear to be higher and nearer objects lower

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57
Q

1) monocular cues & 2) binocular cues

A

stimui that enable us to judge depth using

1) only one eye
2) both eyes

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58
Q

visual info from both sides of brain is sent to neighbouring cells in visual cortex, where brain can..
these __ form the basis of…

A

make comparisons (these form the basis of binocular depth perception..)

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59
Q

we use several binocular cues to perceive depth (2)

A

Convergence

Retinal Disparity

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60
Q

Convergence

A

eyes turn inwards when viewing close objects (convergence)

brain are aware of how much our eyes converge and use this info to estimate distance

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61
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

each eye sees views two slightly different images due to the eyes different positions on the head
(images on retina are different)

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62
Q

The slight difference in images viewed by each eye provides…

A

provide information that the brain can use to calculate depth in the visual scene

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63
Q

Retinal Disparity - perception of depth referred to as..

A

stereopsis

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64
Q

Stereopsis

A

the single perception of a slightly different image between eyes

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65
Q

corresponding retinal points*

A

objects equidistant (at equal distance) from observer’s fixation point

(both eyes work together to permit a single visual impression localized in the same direction in space

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66
Q

Crossed

A

objects closer than horopter

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67
Q

Horopter

A

points in space which are imaged on corresponding points in the two retinas
(no retinal disparity

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68
Q

Uncrossed

A

objects are further than horopter has uncrossed disparity

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69
Q

Constancies

A

unconscious inference
form or size constancy
size-distance scaling

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70
Q

unconscious inference:

A

information from the stimulus combined with other information to derive perception
(type of visual perception - assumptions form incomplete data)

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71
Q

form or size constancy:

A

despite huge differences in retinal image (proximal), perception of size remains constant (distal)

(ability to perceive objects as same size no matter how far away they are)

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72
Q

Constancies (perceptual)

A

process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions

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73
Q

size-distance scaling:

A

perception of size and form unconsciously adjusted on the basis of apparent distance

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74
Q

Sound is…

A

vibration, a kind of mechanical energy travelling through medium (usually air)

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75
Q

Compression vs Rarefaction

A

sound waves close together vs further apart

opposite to each other

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76
Q

Sound have (3)

A

pitch
loudness
timbre

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77
Q

Pitch corresponds to…

measured in?

A

frequency of wave

Hz - cycles per second (hertz)

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78
Q

Human ear sensitive to frequency range of?

A

20-20,000 HZ

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79
Q

Loudness of sound corresponds to..

measured in?

A

amplitude (height of wave

decibals (dB) (0-160 dB)

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80
Q

Timbre refers to the..

A

quality/complexity of a sound

dif muscial instruments sound dif b/c of dif in timbre

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81
Q

Amplitude is?

A

pressure change associated with the vibration or how compressed and expanded the molecules become

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82
Q

Sound waves are channeled by the ___ ear (pinna) through the __ __, causing the ___ __ to vibrate.

A 
external ear (pinna) 
external canal
 tympanic membrane
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83
Q

(3) parts of ear

A

1) outer
2) middle
4) inner

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84
Q

(3) parts of the OUTER ear

A

1) pinna
2) ear (auditory) canal
3) eardrum (tymphanic membrane)

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85
Q

Just as sense receptors for vision transduce light into neural activity, sense receptors for hearing..

A

transduce sound into neural activity

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86
Q

vibration of tymphanic membrane causes?

A

vibration activates the Ossicles - tiny bones of the inner ear – the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. (malleus, incus, stapes)
(vibrate at frequency of sounds wave)

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87
Q

The ossicles vibrate at frequency of the sound wave, then what happens?

A

mechanical vibrations are passed along from oval window to cochlea (from eardrum to inner ear)

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88
Q

Mechanical vibrations are passed along from the oval window to cochlea, where they…

A

they set in motion the fluid in its canal

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89
Q

Cochlea converts…

A

vibration into neural activity

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90
Q

Outer and inner part of cochlea - structure

A

outer - bony

inner cavity is fluid filled

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91
Q

the vibrations from sound waves disturb fluid in cochlea and travel to..

A

base of cochlea, where pressure is released and transduction occurs

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92
Q

As fluid moves in cochlea…

A

tiny hair cells lining coiled basiliar membrane within the cochlea bend, stimulating nerve endings attached to them

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93
Q

Hair cells lining basilar membrane within cochlea bend as fluid moves, stimulating nerve endings attached to them causing..

A

The mechanical energy is then transformed into neural energy and sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

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94
Q

Ear has to correct…

A

impedance mismatch - sound in air hitting fluid boundary causes major loss of energy in sound wave

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95
Q

How does ear correct impedance mismatch?

A

middle ear is interposed between tympanic membrane and oval window - increases pressure almost overcoming loss due to air/fluid medium

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96
Q

outer ear:

function?

A

protection

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97
Q

Pinna - function

A

channels sound, localization

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98
Q

Auditory (ear) Canal - function

A

slightly amplify sounds between 2,000 and 7,000 Hz (resonance frequency - Frequencies at which response amplitude is relative maximum)

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99
Q

eardrum: function

A

vibrates according to frequency of the sound

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100
Q

middle ear: function?

A

amplification

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101
Q

ossicles act as.. (2)

A

act both as lever and

funnel vibrations from the large eardrum to the small oval window (increase pressure by factor of 30)

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102
Q

Inner ear : function

A

transduction

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103
Q

(3) Ossicles

A

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)

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104
Q

Middle ear contains?

A

Ossicles

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105
Q

Inner ear parts (4)

A

oval window
cochlea
basilar membrane
organ of corgi

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106
Q

middle ear transmits .. to? from?

A

vibratory motion of eardrum to inner ear

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107
Q

cochlea: function

A

receptors for hearing

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108
Q

oval window:

A

vibrates to frequency of sound

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109
Q

located in Cochlea (2)

A

1) organ of corgi

2) basilar membrane

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110
Q

organ of corgi and basilar membrane are critical to hearing because?

A

hair cells are embedded within them

- hair cells are where transduction of auditory info takes place

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111
Q

basilar membrane:

A

separates tympanic canal from cochlear duct

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112
Q

cochlear duct contains? which rests on?

A

the Organ of Corti which rests on the basilar membrane

113
Q

Cochlear duct consists of?

A

tectorial membrane, outer hair cells, inner hair cells, spiral ganglion cells and auditory nerve

114
Q

the auditory hair cells are located…

A

within the organ of Corti on a thin basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear

115
Q

Each hair cell has many..

A

many fine filaments or cilia

116
Q

hair cells attached to?

and cilia attached to?

A

basilar membrane

tectorial membrane

117
Q

vibration of basilar membrane produces

A

shearing action and cilia bend

118
Q

bending action of cilia allows…

which does what?

A

potassium to flow into cell –> release of neurotransmitters to dendrites of spiral ganglion cells

119
Q

bending action of cilia allows K+ to flow into cell, which releases…

A

of neurotransmitters to dendrites of spiral ganglion cells

120
Q

Pitch perception:
place theory:
pitch coded according to?

A

different frequencies stimulate different locations on basilar membrane
- pitch coded according to LOCATION
(primary aud. cortex: different places processes different tones)

121
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex processes tones how?

A

processes dif tones in diff places bc each place receives info from specific place in basilar membrane

122
Q

traveling waves produced within the cochlea

According to place theory.. high vs low frequency

A

high frequency -> collapse early (base)

low frequency -> collapse (apex)

123
Q

tonotopic mapping:

resolution for high vs low frequencies

A

orderly layout of frequency coding along basilar membrane

resolution for high frequencies good but poor for low frequencies (less than 250 Hz)

124
Q

Frequency theory of pitch Perception

A

entire basilar membrane vibrates at frequency of incoming sound and neural firing rate codes frequency (pitch)

125
Q

Place theory only accounts for perception of?

A

high-pitched tones (5000 - 20000 Hz)

126
Q

Frequency theory works well up to… because?

A

1000Hz (1000/sec)

maximum neural firing is near this limit

127
Q

Volley principle is a…

A

Variation of frequency theory that works for tones bw 1000-5000 Hz

128
Q

According to Volley principle…

A

networks of coordinated neurons fire sequentially to code for frequency above 1000/sec

(neurone fire at highest rate, slightly out of sync to reach overall rates of above 1000/s)

129
Q

What codes for pitch/frequency?

a) Place theory
b) Frequency theory

A

a) pitched coded according to location

b) neural firing rate codes frequency (reproduces pitch)

130
Q

below 500 Hz…

A

basilar membrane codes using the frequency principle

131
Q

evidence of frequency coding throughout auditory system…

A

up to 5000 Hz

132
Q

above 5000 Hz

A

place coding

133
Q

500 – 5000 Hz

A

both frequency and place coding

134
Q

Theory for:

1) < 500 Hz
2) 500-5000 Hz
3) > 5000 Hz

A

1) frequency coding
2) both frequency and place
3) place coding

135
Q

human language frequency

A

3000-5000 Hz

136
Q

interaural intensity

A

head casts a sound shadow producing intensity differences between ears

137
Q

interaural intensity effective only for?

A

higher frequencies

138
Q

both cues:

A

greatest at 90º, none at 0º or 180º

139
Q

interaural time of arrival:

A

sounds arrive at each ear at different times

calculate time difference to locate sound

140
Q

interaural time of arrival: most effective for?

A

e for low frequencies

141
Q

(2) cues for sound localization

A

1) inter aural time of arrival - (time dif)

2) interaural intensity - (intensity dif) loudness

142
Q

taste bud receptors located?

A

within trenches of papillae on tongue

143
Q

microvilli:

A

tiny hairs on taste buds that make contact with saliva

- send signals to the brain

144
Q

Taste

A

sensation produced when soluble chemical substance in the mouth reacts chemically with receptors of taste buds

145
Q

Taste and Smell are chemical senses because…

A

we derive these sensory experiences from chemicals in substance

146
Q

different types of molecules (food)

A

stimulate receptors for sour, sweet, salty, bitter

147
Q

Different papillae contain…

A

contain different distributions of receptors

148
Q

sensitivities of certain tastes vary

A

across the tongue

149
Q

Smell & Taste also called?

A

Olfaction & Gustation

150
Q

Odours & Flavours

A

volatile/airborne & soluble chemical substances that interact with receptors of nose/tongue

151
Q

How do we smell?

A
  • when olfactory receptor comes into contact with odour molecule, action potential in neuron triggered and info sent to olfactory bulb in brain then brain
152
Q

Nose - olfactory components

A

olfactory neurons contains 1 olfactory receptor cell which has cilia embedded in olfactory mucus

153
Q

___ different molecules can stimulate receptors of smell

A

1000

154
Q

odours are based on?

A

complex coding

155
Q

After odors interact with receptors in nasal passage, activity/info passed to? then?

A

olfactory bulbs and then to limbic system (no thalamus)

156
Q

Odours can evoke…?

how?

A

memories

activity passed to limbic system which plays a role in memories

157
Q

Skin senses - how we sense touch?

A

many different types of specialized dendrites embedded into the skin

158
Q

free nerve endings (non-corpuscular)

associated with?

A

pain and temperature

no globules at end of dendrites
no specialized receptor organs

159
Q

corpuscular endings

associated with?

A

associated with pressure and touch

have rounded globular mass at nerve end

concentrated in regions that need specialized touch sensitivity

160
Q

sensitivity to pressure and touch measured with ?

Touch acuity is conventionally measured using this

A

a two-point threshold

161
Q

two-point threshold

A

the smallest separation at which two points applied simultaneously to the skin can be distinguished from one

162
Q

temperature sensation:
Hot:
Cold:

A

cold fibres decrease, warm fibres increase
cold fibres increase, warm fibres decrease
(neural firing)

(warm receptors - C fibers,
cold receptors - A-delta)

163
Q

Pain perception influences by?

A

many factors - very complex

164
Q

sensory signals of pain carried by?

A

two fibres

165
Q

sensory signals of pain carried by (2 )types of sensory fibres

A

1) A-delta fibers

2) C fibers

166
Q

A-delta fibers:

A

fast, myelinated; sharp pain

167
Q
  • C fibers:
A

slow, unmyelinated; aching or burning pain

168
Q

Internal senses

kinesthesia:

A

sense (that detects) tells you where your body parts are with respect to each other

169
Q

receptors in the bones, joints and muscles send sensory information to?

A

thalamus, cerebellum and somatosensory cortex

170
Q

Vestibular senses

A

aka sense of equilibrium
specifies the position of the head (and hence body) in space
(i.e., balance)

171
Q

In addition to cochlea, inner ear contains 3.. and 2…

A

2 Semicircular canals & 2 vestibular sacs

172
Q

Vestibular sense involve

A

the 2 vestibular sacs & 3 semicircular canals

173
Q

semicircular canals sense

A

acceleration/deceleration in any direction as the head moves

174
Q

vestibular sacs

A

sense gravity and position of the head in space

175
Q

From the standpoint of formal logic or probability…

A

people don’t reason so well.

176
Q

People don’t reason so well because general world knowledge often has…

A

too big an influence on people as they reason.

177
Q

Usually– but not always– people reason better with ___ vs. ___ material.

A

concrete

abstract

178
Q

People need to be more ___.

A

skeptical

179
Q

What influences our reasoning abilities?

A

Our prior knowledge and beliefs

180
Q

We often search for …. when we should search for…. (i.e., we are not very intuitive scientists)

A 
confirming evidence (confirmation bias)
 disconfirming evidence
181
Q

Causal reasoning

A

ability to identify relationships between cause and the effect

182
Q

Covariation = ?

A

prob. of the effect given the cause
MINUS
prob. of the effect in the absence of the cause

183
Q

How do we explain things?

A

beleifs + understanding of the world + empirical evidence

184
Q

How do people evaluate empirical evidence about known things?
(their behaviour)

A

beliefs affect/influence evaluation of empirical evidence such that people weigh empirical evidence more for believable than for unbelievable candidates.

185
Q

Are people aware of their use of belief- and covariation-based cues? (introspection)

A

Individuals may not be entirely aware of the extent to which their knowledge influences their decisions.

186
Q

motivation:

A

psychological processes that arouse, direct and maintain behaviour towards a goal

187
Q

Theories of motivation (3)

A

drive reduction theory
optimum-level theory
incentive theories

188
Q

drive reduction theory:

A

needs produce a state of tension called a drive

189
Q

homeostasis:

A

maintenance of physiological systems at normal level

190
Q

optimum-level theory:

A

behaviour directed to restore level of arousal to an optimal level

191
Q

optimum-level theory based on?

A

conditioning principles

192
Q

incentive theories:

A

external stimuli regulate motivational states

193
Q

Source of motivation:

a) Internal
b) External

A

a) push - drive

b) pull - incentive

194
Q

Incentive theories often referred to as?

A

Push (drive) Pull (incentive) theories

195
Q

Source of motivation:

a) Internal
b) External
often. ..

A

a) physiological

b) environmental

196
Q

internal (often biological) drives

external (environmental) stimuli

A

push

pull

197
Q

Maslow:

motives can be broadly classified as (2):

A

biological and/or social

198
Q

According to Maslow…satisfaction of one set of needs…

A

activates needs at the next level

199
Q

Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs (motives) as humans progress through life

A

at lower needs dominate individuals motivation as long as they are unsatisfied.

lower needs must be met before higher needs can be addressed.
Once adequately met, higher needs occupy the individuals attention

200
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: levels (5)

A

Biological -> Safety -> Attachment -> Esteem(confidence) -> Self-actualization

(need for….
food, water
security, comfort
to belong, love, be loved 
confidence, self-esteem
to fulfill potential/have meaningful goals
201
Q

Mechanism of hunger:

Early idea proposed by Canon and Washburn (1912)

A

stomach contractions , which occur when stomach is empty cause hunger
(falsified)

202
Q

How brain influences hunger (hypothalamus)

too simple a model

A

Hypothalamus:

ventromedial

  • stimulated: stops eating
  • destroyed: eats continuously

lateral

  • stimulated: eats continuously
  • destroyed: stops eating
203
Q

Theory proposed by Mayer 1955

A

Glucostatic Theory

204
Q

glucostatic theory:

A

suggests that body monitors fluctuations in levels of blood glucose and sends signals to brain

  • receptors sensitive to glucose called glucostats notify brain when levels are reduced

(hunger produced to restore proper level of glucose) (achieving homeostasis)

205
Q

Glucostats

A

receptors sensitive to glucose
- notify brain when low levels

monitor a cell’s uptake of glucose from the blood

206
Q

recent evidence suggests that receptors equivalent to glucostats may be…

A

located in liver and send signals to hypothalamus

207
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus makes you feel…

A

full

208
Q

Lateral hypothalamus makes you feel…

A

hungry

209
Q

other mechanisms involving HORMONES are probably involved in activating brain structures for control of hunger and eating
(2) hormones

A

1) insulin

2) leptin

210
Q

Biological mechanisms of hunger

A

Hormones

211
Q

Mechanisms of hunger involving hormones #1:

insulin has been shown to be related to hunger how?

A

↑ levels of insulin contribute to hunger

212
Q

Mechanisms of hunger involving hormones #2:

Leptin

A

leptin secreted by fat cells that have absorbed triglyceride

produces metabolic rate ↑ , body temperature ↑ , produces more physical activity, and less eating occurs

213
Q

Leptin: anti-obesity hormone

explain

A

mouse had problem with serious overeating
problem was absence of protein leptin

injected with leptin & mouse returned to normal weight

same chemical may be correlated with obesity in humans

214
Q

the more stored energy in fat cells, the more they produce a hormone called…

A

leptin

215
Q

Satiety Mechanism

A

mechanism to signal us to stop eating

216
Q

Satiety mechanism involving hormone?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

217
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK):

A

a hormone released when food enters digestive system

signals us to stop eating

218
Q

stomach contains receptors

A

for quantity and quality

219
Q

food preferences: (2)

A

innate preferences and observational learning

acquired through learning
or innate - natural, ability to develop taste aversions

220
Q

food-related cues

A

cues that motivate use to eat more
visual, mental, auditory or even olfactory
apparent time

environmental events are often associated with hunger and eating

221
Q

apparent time: Schachter & Gross (1968)

A

manipulated apparent time
obese people ate 2x as much
non obese people ate less

222
Q

Hunger:

stress produces…

A

produces increased eating in a substantial proportion of individuals, high stress leads to overeating

223
Q

Obesity

A

condition of being overweight by 20% of ideal weight

224
Q

external cues
Schachter (1971):
Rodin (1978):

A

all pull, no push- external
obese people respond to external cues of hunger, such as time, more than non-obese people who tend to respond more to internal cues of hunger

pull causes push (increased insulin secretions)
ppl who respond to external cues of hunger tend to increase the level of insulin in the blood more than people who respond to internal cues

225
Q

Obesity - genetic predisposition: proven by?

A

twin studies

heritability: 61% males, 73% females
leptin receptors in the brain dysfunctional?

226
Q

set point:

A

a natural point of stability in body weight

- (value that establishes range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain)

227
Q

Set Point Theory of Obesity

A

elevated set point

- (value that establishes range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain)

228
Q

dietary restraint & obesity

A

vacillations in dietary restraint lead to obesity

229
Q

restrained eaters:

A

constantly control eating impulses, feel guilty when they fail
disinhibited when they fail

230
Q

Hormonal regulation & sexual motivation
estrogens:
androgens:

A

female gonadal hormones
estrogen levels do not correlate well in women

male gonadal hormones

231
Q

Androgens

prenatal effect

A

androgens stimulate development of male sex organs and development of the brain

232
Q

Androgens

activation effect

A

heightened sexual arousal, ability to have an erection

233
Q

Androgens related to..

A

related to sexual motivation for both sexes

234
Q

Sexual Motivation: testosterone vs estrogen

A

high levels of testosterone in both males and females correlate with higher rates of sexual activity but estrogen levels in women do not

235
Q

overall, normal hormonal swings in humans have what impact on sexual motivation?

A

little impact on sexual motivation, with males showing the greatest variability

236
Q

pheromones:

A

chemicals secreted by one animal that affects the behaviour of another

237
Q

Pheromones effect on Humans

A

ovulatory synchronization
Russell, Switz & Thompson (1980)
humans may respond to some pheromones, but not related to sex drive

(other species behaviour affected)

238
Q

human sexual motivation best characterized as?

A

an incentive model

239
Q

2 aspects of Incentive model of human sexual motivation

A

availability of potential partner

attraction to potential partner

240
Q

Coolidge effect

A

new partner can revive dwindling sexual interest

phenomenon seen in mammalian species where males (& to lesser extent females) exhibit renewed sexual interest if introduced to new receptive sexual partners, even after refusing sex from prior but still available sexual partners.

241
Q

Coolidge effect (simple definition)

A

across species, appears to be a preference for a variety of sexual partners by males

242
Q

evolutionary theory:

A

males maximize their reproductive success with many female partners

243
Q

Buss & Schmidt (1993)

A

asked students to indicate the ideal number of sexual partners over their lifespan

M:15, F:4-5

244
Q

Janus & Janus (1993)

A

found that males indicate that they engage in more premarital and extramarital sex with more partners than do women

M: greater premarital and extramarital

245
Q

Whitley (1988)

A

What was your most important reason for having sexual intercourse on the most recent occasion?

lust and pleasure, 51-M, 9-F
love and emotional, 24-M, 51-F

246
Q

Question asked: are males and females socialized to have different attitudes about sex or is the evolutionary hypothesis valid?

A

LOOK UP!!!

males and females exhibit both similarities and differences
however, some universal differences seemed to be observed

247
Q

Buss & Colleagues found…

A

males maximize number of partners (quantity)

females select for resources (quality)

248
Q

sexual orientation:

A

preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same, different or either sex

249
Q

widespread observation of homosexuality indicates it is …

EVIDENCE?

A

not “unnatural”

few species practice exclusive homosexuality

250
Q

what are the determinants of homosexual and bisexual behaviour?

(2) THEORIES

A

Environmental

Biological

251
Q

environmental theories

no evidence

A

psychoanalytic

behavioural

252
Q

Homosexuality…

some evidence associated with…

A

childhood behaviours

gender non-conformity

253
Q

Sexual orientation seems to be established…

A

orientation established early

254
Q

biological theories

A 
hormonal differences (no apparent link)
genetic influence
255
Q

Bailey and Pillard (1991) studied gay men

and found…

A

genetic link

concordance rate: 52% identical, 22% fraternal, 11% adoptive brothers

256
Q

men and homosexuality - Brain differences

A

anterior hypothalamus: reduced size in gay men
(Levay,1991)

suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus elongated in gay men (and women)
(Swaab, Gooren & Hofman (1992)

257
Q

women and homosexuality

A

increased prenatal androgen levels

prenatal exposure to DES (prevention of miscarriage)

258
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

condition that results in the partial or complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens

no androgen receptors
XY develops female genitals
hormonal treatment at adolescence

259
Q

homosexuality is strongly linked to…

A

prenatal development

260
Q

emotion:

A

a display of feelings that are evoked when important events occur

261
Q

(3) aspects of emotions

A 
behavioural component (expression)
autonomic response - sympathetic
cognitive component (subjective interpretation of emotional state)
262
Q

conditioned emotional response

A

an emotional response that results from classical conditioning, usually from association of a relatively neutral stimulus with a painful or fear-inducing experience

Little Albert

263
Q

CER relies on activity within//

A

amygdala

264
Q

activity of the amygdala (limbic system)
destroyed
stimulated

A

CER is not observed

rage response in cat

265
Q

orbitofrontal cortex:

info from…
likely used for…
connections with..

A

base of the frontal lobes
info from sensory systems and frontal lobes (planning)

likely used for translating interpretations of events or judgments into the appropriate feeling and behaviours

connections with limbic system

266
Q

pre-frontal lobotomy: (for psychotic patients)

A

reduce pathological emotional responses
serious change in personality
most normal emotions eliminated

267
Q

lie detector test

A

use of polygraph to measure autonomic responses
(change as a function of emotion)

lies produce anxiety

268
Q

control question test

A

50% false positives

some people react to the critical questions

269
Q

guilty knowledge test

A

90% guilty, 3-4% false positives

ideally, critical questions based on information only guilty party could know

270
Q

expression of emotions

A

behaviourally through body language and facial expressions

271
Q

Ekman & Friesen recognize 6 basic emotions

A

fear, disgust, happiness, anger, surprise, sadness

272
Q

Display Rules

A

social group’s informal norms about when, where, and how one should express emotions

273
Q

display rules of emotional expression vary across… but…

A

culture

characteristic expressions transcend culture

274
Q

Theories of Emotion

A

1) Common Sense View of Emotion
2) James-Lang Theory
3) Canon Bard Theory
4) Schacter’s Two-Process Theory

275
Q

1) Common Sense View of Emotion

A

“I tremble because I feel afraid”

Stimulus –
Conscious Feeling –
Autonomic Arousal –

Dog -> FEAR -> Surge of adrenaline

276
Q

James-Lang Theory

A

“I feel afraid because I tremble”

Stimulus –
Physiological Reaction
Cerebral Cortex
Emotions

Dog -> fight/flight -> awareness -> emotions

277
Q

James-Lang Theory suggest that different…

A

different patterns of autonomic arousal lead to different emotions

278
Q

Canon Bard Theory

A

“The dog makes me tremble and feel afraid”

Stimulus
Cerebral Cortex -> Emotions
Physiological Reactions

•

279
Q

Canon Bard Theory

A

autonomic changes too slow to produce conscious experience of emotion

different emotions associated with the same autonomic arousal

PSYCH 102 (4 decks)

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