FINAL PRACTICUM 3 Flashcards
what is the pathway of urine?
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
what is the pathway of sperm?
- testes
- epididymus
- ductus (vas) deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
what is the pathway for the egg/ovum?
- ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
what are the parts of the nephron?
- glomerular capsule
- proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- nephron loop
- distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- collecting duct
what are the major functions of the nephron?
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
what is glomerular filtration?
the first step of urine filtration; occurs within the renal corpuscle as materials pass across the filtration membrane, from the blood plasma to the capsular space
how can glomerular filtration be affected?
it is influenced by 3 pressures:
- glomerular hydrostatic pressure
- capsular hydrostatic pressure
- blood colloid osmotic pressure
what is the relationship between the NFP and the GFR?
NFP determines the GFR
what are intrinsic and extrinsic controls of GFR?
Intrinsic controls (originating within the kidney) and extrinsic controls (hormones, nervous system input) influence the net filtration pressure (NFP) and therefore the GFR.
what can the presence of glucose in urine mean?
Glucose is normally fully absorbed back into the body from the filtrate. Its presence in urine indicates abnormally high levels of glucose, such as that found in diabetics.
what can the presence of leukocytes in urine mean?
Leukocytes are part of the immune response and should not be found in urine. The presence of leukocytes indicates infection, such as a kidney or urinary tract infection.
what can the presence of proteins in urine mean?
Protein is not usually found in urine as it cannot typically pass into the filtrate. Presence of excess protein, known as proteinuria, may indicate problems with the kidney.
what can the presence of blood in urine mean?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are not normally found in urine as they should not be able to pass through the filtration membrane. Their presence indicates disease or infection.
what are buffers?
substances or systems that help maintain the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a solution within a relatively stable range by resisting changes in hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration when an acid or base is added
which chemicals tested for their potential buffering ability did the best in the experiment and why?
alumina/magnesium trisilicate - the best antacid can neutralize the most acid, so it resists changes in the pH the longest