FINAL PRACTICUM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pathway of urine?

A
  1. kidneys
  2. ureters
  3. urinary bladder
  4. urethra
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2
Q

what is the pathway of sperm?

A
  1. testes
  2. epididymus
  3. ductus (vas) deferens
  4. ejaculatory duct
  5. urethra
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3
Q

what is the pathway for the egg/ovum?

A
  1. ovaries
  2. uterine tubes
  3. uterus
  4. vagina
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4
Q

what are the parts of the nephron?

A
  • glomerular capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • nephron loop
  • distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • collecting duct
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5
Q

what are the major functions of the nephron?

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
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6
Q

what is glomerular filtration?

A

the first step of urine filtration; occurs within the renal corpuscle as materials pass across the filtration membrane, from the blood plasma to the capsular space

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7
Q

how can glomerular filtration be affected?

A

it is influenced by 3 pressures:
- glomerular hydrostatic pressure
- capsular hydrostatic pressure
- blood colloid osmotic pressure

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8
Q

what is the relationship between the NFP and the GFR?

A

NFP determines the GFR

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9
Q

what are intrinsic and extrinsic controls of GFR?

A

Intrinsic controls (originating within the kidney) and extrinsic controls (hormones, nervous system input) influence the net filtration pressure (NFP) and therefore the GFR.

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10
Q

what can the presence of glucose in urine mean?

A

Glucose is normally fully absorbed back into the body from the filtrate. Its presence in urine indicates abnormally high levels of glucose, such as that found in diabetics.

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11
Q

what can the presence of leukocytes in urine mean?

A

Leukocytes are part of the immune response and should not be found in urine. The presence of leukocytes indicates infection, such as a kidney or urinary tract infection.

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12
Q

what can the presence of proteins in urine mean?

A

Protein is not usually found in urine as it cannot typically pass into the filtrate. Presence of excess protein, known as proteinuria, may indicate problems with the kidney.

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13
Q

what can the presence of blood in urine mean?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are not normally found in urine as they should not be able to pass through the filtration membrane. Their presence indicates disease or infection.

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14
Q

what are buffers?

A

substances or systems that help maintain the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a solution within a relatively stable range by resisting changes in hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration when an acid or base is added

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15
Q

which chemicals tested for their potential buffering ability did the best in the experiment and why?

A

alumina/magnesium trisilicate - the best antacid can neutralize the most acid, so it resists changes in the pH the longest

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16
Q

which chemicals tested for their potential buffering ability did the worst in the experiment and why?

A

sodium bicarbonate citric acid - their buffering capacity diminishes rapidly

17
Q

what are enzymes?

A

proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions

18
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

They facilitate and accelerate the conversion of substrates (reactant molecules) into products by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur

19
Q

how are enzyme functions affected by pH changes?

A

Enzymes are active within a certain pH range, and their activity is decreased below and above that range.