FINAL PRACTICUM 3

Question 1

what is the pathway of urine?

Answer 1

1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. urinary bladder
4. urethra

Question 2

what is the pathway of sperm?

Answer 2

1. testes
2. epididymus
3. ductus (vas) deferens
4. ejaculatory duct
5. urethra

Question 3

what is the pathway for the egg/ovum?

Answer 3

1. ovaries
2. uterine tubes
3. uterus
4. vagina

Question 4

what are the parts of the nephron?

Answer 4

• glomerular capsule
• proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
• nephron loop
• distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
• collecting duct

Question 5

what are the major functions of the nephron?

Answer 5

1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion

Question 6

what is glomerular filtration?

Answer 6

the first step of urine filtration; occurs within the renal corpuscle as materials pass across the filtration membrane, from the blood plasma to the capsular space

Question 7

how can glomerular filtration be affected?

Answer 7

it is influenced by 3 pressures:
- glomerular hydrostatic pressure
- capsular hydrostatic pressure
- blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 8

what is the relationship between the NFP and the GFR?

Answer 8

NFP determines the GFR

Question 9

what are intrinsic and extrinsic controls of GFR?

Answer 9

Intrinsic controls (originating within the kidney) and extrinsic controls (hormones, nervous system input) influence the net filtration pressure (NFP) and therefore the GFR.

Question 10

what can the presence of glucose in urine mean?

Answer 10

Glucose is normally fully absorbed back into the body from the filtrate. Its presence in urine indicates abnormally high levels of glucose, such as that found in diabetics.

Question 11

what can the presence of leukocytes in urine mean?

Answer 11

Leukocytes are part of the immune response and should not be found in urine. The presence of leukocytes indicates infection, such as a kidney or urinary tract infection.

Question 12

what can the presence of proteins in urine mean?

Answer 12

Protein is not usually found in urine as it cannot typically pass into the filtrate. Presence of excess protein, known as proteinuria, may indicate problems with the kidney.

Question 13

what can the presence of blood in urine mean?

Answer 13

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are not normally found in urine as they should not be able to pass through the filtration membrane. Their presence indicates disease or infection.

Question 14

what are buffers?

Answer 14

substances or systems that help maintain the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a solution within a relatively stable range by resisting changes in hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration when an acid or base is added

Question 15

which chemicals tested for their potential buffering ability did the best in the experiment and why?

Answer 15

alumina/magnesium trisilicate - the best antacid can neutralize the most acid, so it resists changes in the pH the longest

Question 16

which chemicals tested for their potential buffering ability did the worst in the experiment and why?

Answer 16

sodium bicarbonate citric acid - their buffering capacity diminishes rapidly

Question 17

what are enzymes?

Answer 17

proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions

Question 18

what do enzymes do?

Answer 18

They facilitate and accelerate the conversion of substrates (reactant molecules) into products by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur

Question 19

how are enzyme functions affected by pH changes?

Answer 19

Enzymes are active within a certain pH range, and their activity is decreased below and above that range.