Final Practice Questions Flashcards
How does a neuron transport enzymes produced in the cell body to its axon terminals?
along microtubules
Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential?
potassium
Which term describes all neurons that carry signals towards the CNS?
afferent
The _________ division tends to prepare the body for action.
sympathetic
In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?
Hyperpolarization of the membrane
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Which statement about the nervous and endocrine systems is true?
Both systems are dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli.
What is the opposite of presynaptic inhibition?
Facilitation
A neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next?
A local potential develops
Which glial cell is found wrapped around axons in the PNS?
Schwann cells
Where are axons surrounded by Schwann cells found?
In the PNS
Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following?
A large diameter myelinated axon
Some _________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas _________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.
afferent; efferent
The connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fascicle is called the __________.
perineurium
The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the __________.
cauda equina
There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves.
31
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the
arachnoid mater and pia mater
The structure found between the posterior rootlets and the posterior root ganglion is called the ______
posterior root of a spinal nerve
Nerve fibers are insulated from one another by
endoneurium
Which of the following is an ascending tract of the spinal cord?
Gracile fasciculus
The cervical plexus is the origin of the _________ nerve(s)
phrenic
The connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fascicle is called the _______
perineurium
A ganglion is a ______
cluster of cell bodies in the PNS
Which of the following nerves originates in the lumbosacral plexus?
sciatic
The pineal gland is part of which larger region of the brain?
epithalamus
Where are the hippocampus and amygdala found?
Limbic system
Where is the third ventricle located?
Diencephalon
Motor Cranial Nerves
III, IV, VI, XI, and XII
Mixed Cranial Nerves
V, VII, IX, and X
Sensory Cranial Nerves
I, II, VIII
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to which of the following?
Glucose and Oxygen
Which lobe is deep to the lateral sulcus and can only be seen by removing some of the overlying cerebrum?
Insula
What is the largest part of the hindbrain?
Cerebellum
Where are the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers found?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the largest of the cranial nerves and the most important sensory nerve of the face?
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated from each other by ______
the longitudinal fissure
Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?
Sensory receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → gland
The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is _________. The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is _________.
excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory
White rami carry _________ neurons, while gray rami carry _________ neurons.
myelinated preganglionic; unmyelinated postganglionic
The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE) is called _________
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the enteric plexus?
Its reflex arcs are associated with the spinal cord.
__________nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.
Splanchnic
A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called _________, which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons.
adenosine
Preganglionic axons of the autonomic efferent pathway are _________ and secrete _________.
myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
Muscarinic receptors bind __________
acetylcholine
If a cell has α1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to ________
norepinepherine (NE)
Which of the following is not a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes?
The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.
Sympathetic axons arise only from the _________ region(s) of the spinal cord.
thoracic and lumbar
Sympathetic axon terminals do not release _________
nitric oxide (NO)
Which cells form myelin sheaths in the spinal cord?
Oligodendrocytes
A cholinergic synapse uses _________ as its neurotransmitter.
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle?
Acetylcholine
What is(are) the fundamental physiological properties that enable nerve cells to communicate with other cells?
The ability to respond to environmental changes, the ability to produce electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations, and the ability to secrete a chemical that will stimulate the next cell when an electrical signal reaches the end of an axon
Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the ________
anterior horn
Second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the __________
thalamus
The fibers that carry the action potentials that cause skeletal muscle to contract are
alpha motor neurons
A reflex in which the sensory input and motor output are on opposite sides of the spinal cord is called ____________
contralateral
The structure found between the posterior rootlets and the posterior root ganglion is called the ___________
posterior root of a spinal nerve
Nerve fibers are insulated from one another by
endoneurium
The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are called _________ neurons
upper motor
The reticular formation is a web of _________ scattered throughout the _________.
gray matter; brainstem
The _________ function(s) in visual attention, such as to look and follow the flight of a butterfly.
superior colliculi
