Final Part 2: Glucose Flashcards
What is glycogen synthase used for
Glycogen storage
When is glycogen phosphorylase active
During exercise
What is glycogen phosphorylase used for
Energy release
What is produced during high-intensity exercise
Lactate
What is the misconception about lactate
It causes cramps but that is false
What type of exercise reduce blood glucose
Low-Intensity
What type of exercise incease blood glucose
High-intensity
Why does high-intensity training results in increased glucose
Because of adrenaline
What type of diabetes is developped over time?
Type 2
What are 2 risk factors of type 2 diabetes
Obesity and Inactivity
What is type 2 diabetes characterized by
Insulin resistance and high blood sugars
What does type 2 diabetes damage
Blood vessels
What is an indicator of type 2 diabetes
Excessive thirst and frequent urination
What are 3 ways to measure blood glucose
1) HbA1c
2) OGTT
3) Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp
Which of the tehcniques to measure blood glucose reflect long-term glucose control levls
HbA1c
What is the gold standrad for insulin sensitivity testing
Euglycemic clamp
What medication is used to treat type 2 diabetes
Metformin
What does metformin improve
Insulin sensitivity
What medication is GREAT to manage type 2 diabetes but leads to loss of muscle mass
GLP-1 (semaglutide)
What do semaglutides help with
1) Weight loss
2) Improve glucose control
What is type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune disorder that destroy beta cells
When is type 1 diabetes most often detected
Adolescence
What other factor can VERY RARELY trigger type 1 diabetes
An extreme trauma/stress
What is the main issue surrounding type 2 diabetes
One can’t absorb glucose properly
What is the main issue surrounding type 1 diabetes
One can’t produce insulin
What is required for glycogen to get to the liver and muscle
Body tranferers
What are the ONLY two ways to get Glut4 or Glut2 to the surface of the liver
1) Insulin
2) Muscle contraction
What does stravation do
Loose muscle mass and you use your muscles as a source of energy
When you starve do you have a higher MPS or MPB
MPB
What is glucose utilization
Break down glucose and use it as a source of energy
What is always needed to complete the reactions associated with glucose to allow one to use glucose as a source of energy
2 enzymes
- 6 phosphate
- Hexokinase
What is an indicator of an enzyme
It ends with ‘‘ase’’
What are enzymes refered to
Scissors
If the glucose is already in the cell do you need both enzymes to use glucose
No, only 6 phosphate
Do you need to be done eating food completely to secrete insulin
No, there are sensors in your tongue they indicate that food is coming hence the body needs to start secreting insulin.
How fast after exercise do lactate levels go back to normal
30 minutes
What are cramps created by
Neuromuscular system
What molecules are cramps associated with (not lactate)
How calcium is used in the body
True or false, there is a direct link between higher blood lactate and soreness
False, there is a correlation between higher blood lactate and soreness but not a direct link
When does plasma glucose increase
With activity intensity increase
During studies of plasma glucose, why did they only draw blood at the end of the exercise training
Hard to draw blood as participants are running very fast
What was an interesting finding of the study on plasma glucose and insulin
During exercise, there is no increase in insulin levels. The peak is only present right after the exercise
What does a spike in adrenaline do
Blocks the production of insulin
When do you have the highest glucose levels
During sprinting
What measures the amount of glucose attached to your red blood cells
HbA1c
How long does HbA1c measure glucose
Last 3 months
What is an advantage of HbA1c
Gives a great average of glucose levels as glucose levels changes really fast in our day to day life.
What can reduce type 2 diabetes to zero
LIFESTYLE CHANGES
What are two risk factors of getting type 2 diabetes
Insulin disorder or resistance
What is one way to control your type 2 diabetes
Don’t eat as much foods that will spike your glucose levels, also known as foods with low glycemic index
Is a low insulin sensitivity good or bad
Bad
What will a low insulin sensitivity lead to
High insulin resistance
What is a serious complication from type 2 diabetes
Amputation because the blood vessels are affected and no nutrients are able to reach the tissues.
What is the delay from measuring blood glucose from the skin
15 minutes
What is the best insulin test you can use
Skin measurements
What does Metformin medication do
Lowers blood sugar
In type 2 diabetes what was found in a study that had to do with lifestyle changes and metformin
Lifestyle changes itself had more improvement than metformin did. It decreased diabetes by half.
What does decrease weight also decrease
1) Insulin sensitivity
2) Bone density
How can you conserve your BD during rapid weight loss
Do resistance training (protects over half)
What is HMB
Important supplement in maintaining BD and muscle mass
In olrder adults, which exercise (aerobic or resistance) is the key to longevity and better functionality
Resistance
What exercise is great for patients with type 1 diabetes and why
10-s maximal sprint as sprints increases glucose levels and can avoid hypoglycemia
What should a person with type 1 diabetes always carry
Carbs
