Final Complete Revision Flashcards
What is bedrest an accelerated model of
Aging
What is bedrest most commonly used for
Injury and recovery
What does bedrest decrease
1) Blood flow to the brain
2) Brain glucose
What do bedrest studies help us understand
What happens in the body as we age
After 5-10 days how much muscle strength is loss
10%
How long does it take to regain the muscle mass loss after 14 days of bedrest
One year
After how many days of bedrest does your body adapt
40 days
How many year’s of cardiovascular changes happen in astronauts after 6 months in space
20 years
What blood volume is loss by astronauts in the first 24-48H
20%
What are astronauts at a higher risk of getting
Diabetes because they don’t need to contract muscles as they don’t have gravity which increase the sugar in the blood.
What new tool has been innovated to help astronauts contract their muscles
ARED
What situation is a simulation of space
6 degree head tilt bedrest
Name all the negative aspects of astronauts
1) Increase Aging
2) Decrease Blood volume
3) Loose lean mass
4) Fat mass gain
How long was the 6 degree headown tilt study overall
26 days
How long was the test actually performed and after how many days of adaptation did it start
The test began for a 14 days duration after a 5 days adaptation period.
In the 6 degree study, both groups (exercise and control) equally lost what
Muscle strength
VO2max was enhanced in what group in comparison to the other group whom significantly decreased
Exercise
The number of mitochondrias was loss in what group
Control
The 6 degree headown tilt is a reproduction of what
Weightlessness on earth
What is glycogen
Stored glucose
Where is glycogen found in
Liver and Muscle
What is the primary energy source
Muscle glucose
What is needed to allow glucose to enter or exit the cells of the liver and muscle?
Glut2 and Glut-4
What are the ONLY two ways to activate Glut2 and 4
1) Insulin
2) Muscle Contraction
What is glucose utilization
Process of how we use glucose as energy
What two enzymes are needed to complete the reaction related to glucose utilization
1) Glucose 6-phosphate
2) Hexokinase
Which of the two enzymes involved in glucose utilisation is the only one needed if glucose is already in the cell
Glucose -phosphate
What is glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose to get Energy
When is glycolysis most active
During exercise
What is glycogenesis
Glycogen production
Which exercise type (High or low intensity) increase blood glucose
High Intensity
During high-intensity workouts what do you have a spike of
Adrenaline
What does adrenaline do
Blocks insulin levels which will then lead to an increase in blood glucose levels.
What interesting finding was found about insulin level peaks, when does it happen?
Only AFTER exercise
What glucose test measures the amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin
HbA1c
What test is a testing for insulin resistance
OGTT
What is the best insulin test you can use
Euglycemic clamp
What test gives an average of your glucose levels in the last 3 months
HbA1c
What type of diabetes is associated with excessive sugar in blood because your body cannot use glucose as fuel properly
Type 2
What type of diabetes is developped over time
Type 2
Name the risks factors of Type 2 diabetes
1) Overweight
2) Innactivity
3) Family history
What is a clear symptom of type 2 diabetes
Excessive thurst and frequent urination
Name two complications of type 2 diabetes
1) Damage to blood vessels
2) Amputation
Why do they sometimes have to amputate
Damage to blood vessels means that the nutrients cannot reach the blood tissues properly, tissues dies
What is the primary medication used to treat diabetes
Metformin
What does metformin do
Lowers blood sugar levels
What is a better solution than metformin, that can reduce type 2 diabetes to 0
Lifestyle changes
A person with type 2 diabetes should eat foods with a
Low glycemic index
What type of diabetes is an autoimmune disorder
Type 1
What cells does type 1 diabetes destroy
Beta cells
What is type 1 diabetes characterized by
No insulin production
What organ produces insulin
Pancreas
When is type 1 diabetes diagnosed
Adolescence
What can very very rarely trigger type 1 diabetes
A huge stress event or trauma
What are GLP-1
Medication to help with diabetes and weightloss
Name 2 consequences of GLP-1’s
1) Loose muscle mass
2) Loose Bone Density
What is one way to conserve your muscle mass when taking GLP-1
Resistance exercise
What is a very common form of GLP-1
Semaglutides
What supplement help regain muscle mass after a big loss caused by GLP-1
HMB
What does the 10-s Maximal Sprint increases
Glucose levels
What do sprints avoid
Hypoglycemia
Why do following the 10s sprint does your glucose remain high
You don’t produce insulin to decrease them
As a type 1 diabetes what should you always keep with you during exercise
Carbs
What is a sample size considered too small
Below 30 participants
Name two reasons a small sample size is not ideal:
1) cannot generalize
2) Can be influenced by outliers
3) Too much variability
A very good adherence % is above?
80%
What is the role of kidneys?
1) Filter blood
2) Remove wastes
3) Stimulates blood pressure
What is the role of kidney’s in glucose regulation
They regulate blood glucose levels, they do the opposite of the liver
