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EXS301: Health and Exercise Science > Final Complete Revision > Flashcards

Final Complete Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bedrest an accelerated model of

A

Aging

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2
Q

What is bedrest most commonly used for

A

Injury and recovery

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3
Q

What does bedrest decrease

A

1) Blood flow to the brain
2) Brain glucose

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4
Q

What do bedrest studies help us understand

A

What happens in the body as we age

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5
Q

After 5-10 days how much muscle strength is loss

A

10%

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6
Q

How long does it take to regain the muscle mass loss after 14 days of bedrest

A

One year

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7
Q

After how many days of bedrest does your body adapt

A

40 days

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8
Q

How many year’s of cardiovascular changes happen in astronauts after 6 months in space

A

20 years

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9
Q

What blood volume is loss by astronauts in the first 24-48H

A

20%

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10
Q

What are astronauts at a higher risk of getting

A

Diabetes because they don’t need to contract muscles as they don’t have gravity which increase the sugar in the blood.

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11
Q

What new tool has been innovated to help astronauts contract their muscles

A

ARED

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11
Q

What situation is a simulation of space

A

6 degree head tilt bedrest

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12
Q

Name all the negative aspects of astronauts

A

1) Increase Aging
2) Decrease Blood volume
3) Loose lean mass
4) Fat mass gain

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13
Q

How long was the 6 degree headown tilt study overall

A

26 days

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14
Q

How long was the test actually performed and after how many days of adaptation did it start

A

The test began for a 14 days duration after a 5 days adaptation period.

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15
Q

In the 6 degree study, both groups (exercise and control) equally lost what

A

Muscle strength

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16
Q

VO2max was enhanced in what group in comparison to the other group whom significantly decreased

A

Exercise

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17
Q

The number of mitochondrias was loss in what group

A

Control

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18
Q

The 6 degree headown tilt is a reproduction of what

A

Weightlessness on earth

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19
Q

What is glycogen

A

Stored glucose

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20
Q

Where is glycogen found in

A

Liver and Muscle

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21
Q

What is the primary energy source

A

Muscle glucose

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22
Q

What is needed to allow glucose to enter or exit the cells of the liver and muscle?

A

Glut2 and Glut-4

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23
Q

What are the ONLY two ways to activate Glut2 and 4

A

1) Insulin
2) Muscle Contraction

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24
Q

What is glucose utilization

A

Process of how we use glucose as energy

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25
Q

What two enzymes are needed to complete the reaction related to glucose utilization

A

1) Glucose 6-phosphate
2) Hexokinase

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26
Q

Which of the two enzymes involved in glucose utilisation is the only one needed if glucose is already in the cell

A

Glucose -phosphate

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27
Q

What is glycolysis

A

Breakdown of glucose to get Energy

28
Q

When is glycolysis most active

A

During exercise

29
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Glycogen production

30
Q

Which exercise type (High or low intensity) increase blood glucose

A

High Intensity

31
Q

During high-intensity workouts what do you have a spike of

A

Adrenaline

32
Q

What does adrenaline do

A

Blocks insulin levels which will then lead to an increase in blood glucose levels.

33
Q

What interesting finding was found about insulin level peaks, when does it happen?

A

Only AFTER exercise

34
Q

What glucose test measures the amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin

A

HbA1c

35
Q

What test is a testing for insulin resistance

A

OGTT

36
Q

What is the best insulin test you can use

A

Euglycemic clamp

37
Q

What test gives an average of your glucose levels in the last 3 months

A

HbA1c

38
Q

What type of diabetes is associated with excessive sugar in blood because your body cannot use glucose as fuel properly

A

Type 2

39
Q

What type of diabetes is developped over time

A

Type 2

40
Q

Name the risks factors of Type 2 diabetes

A

1) Overweight
2) Innactivity
3) Family history

41
Q

What is a clear symptom of type 2 diabetes

A

Excessive thurst and frequent urination

42
Q

Name two complications of type 2 diabetes

A

1) Damage to blood vessels
2) Amputation

43
Q

Why do they sometimes have to amputate

A

Damage to blood vessels means that the nutrients cannot reach the blood tissues properly, tissues dies

44
Q

What is the primary medication used to treat diabetes

A

Metformin

45
Q

What does metformin do

A

Lowers blood sugar levels

46
Q

What is a better solution than metformin, that can reduce type 2 diabetes to 0

A

Lifestyle changes

47
Q

A person with type 2 diabetes should eat foods with a

A

Low glycemic index

48
Q

What type of diabetes is an autoimmune disorder

A

Type 1

49
Q

What cells does type 1 diabetes destroy

A

Beta cells

50
Q

What is type 1 diabetes characterized by

A

No insulin production

51
Q

What organ produces insulin

A

Pancreas

52
Q

When is type 1 diabetes diagnosed

A

Adolescence

53
Q

What can very very rarely trigger type 1 diabetes

A

A huge stress event or trauma

54
Q

What are GLP-1

A

Medication to help with diabetes and weightloss

55
Q

Name 2 consequences of GLP-1’s

A

1) Loose muscle mass
2) Loose Bone Density

56
Q

What is one way to conserve your muscle mass when taking GLP-1

A

Resistance exercise

57
Q

What is a very common form of GLP-1

A

Semaglutides

58
Q

What supplement help regain muscle mass after a big loss caused by GLP-1

A

HMB

59
Q

What does the 10-s Maximal Sprint increases

A

Glucose levels

60
Q

What do sprints avoid

A

Hypoglycemia

61
Q

Why do following the 10s sprint does your glucose remain high

A

You don’t produce insulin to decrease them

62
Q

As a type 1 diabetes what should you always keep with you during exercise

A

Carbs

63
Q

What is a sample size considered too small

A

Below 30 participants

64
Q

Name two reasons a small sample size is not ideal:

A

1) cannot generalize
2) Can be influenced by outliers
3) Too much variability

65
Q

A very good adherence % is above?

A

80%

66
Q

What is the role of kidneys?

A

1) Filter blood
2) Remove wastes
3) Stimulates blood pressure

67
Q

What is the role of kidney’s in glucose regulation

A

They regulate blood glucose levels, they do the opposite of the liver

68
Q
A

EXS301: Health and Exercise Science (3 decks)

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