FINAL - OTHER TERMS Flashcards
Elephantine Papyri
- a group of letters folded and with sealing still intact with cords and clay stamps
- detailed the lives of Jews in Elephantine Island during the 5th and 4th centuries
-many were contracts that provided information about property and marriages
-some letters detail challeges of moving shipments up the river due to difficult navigation and boating pilots
-showed women buying and owning property
-showing communities that are left relatively autonomous but still recognize Persian imperials as their authority
Ptolemaic Period
- period in 300s-30s BC where Macedon rulers conquered Egypt during Ptolemaic period
-the last dynasty of Ancient Egypt before it was incorporated into the Roman empire
-large support of religious cults with the belief that rulers were in proximity to the divine world and gods
-site of last known hieroglyphic inscription
-period after the death of Alexander with. much turmoil over debated who will rule until Ptolemy declares himself king and his family would rul for almost 300 years.
Aten
-god of the su disk
-his cult became the sole focus during the reign of Akhenaten
-the Aten cult was eventually attempted to be erased by getting rid of traces of it during Horemheb’s reign
-considered to be a manifestation of Ra
Hatti
-designation of the land of the Hittites (modern turkey)
-took over rule in Syria leading to tensions with Egypt
- eventually defeated Mitanni and ruled over Egyptian vassals
-eventually had a peace treaty with Egypt, the first in known history, that inflicted peace between the two nations
Mittani
-name of state that dominated region of Northern Syria
-a known enemy with Egypt with a lot of tension between the two nations
-king would write letters to Egyptian rulers showing tense relations
-Hittites eventually stages a coup against them and took over the nation
sed festival
-a celebration of renewed kingship in ancient Egypt
-that was held to renew the pharaoh’s physical and supernatural energies, divine birth
-shows that the king is still fit to rule
-originally included a physical test for the king - running involved
-celebrated after king’s 30th year in reign
Talatats
-blocks of stone meant for quick building
-used in the reign of Akhenaten for his building projects
-small blocks that were about 20 by 10 by 9 inches
-artistic innovation that allowed for faster and longer lasting buildings and architecture
Battle of Actium
-happens in 31 BC and one of moments that marked the end of classical egyptian civilization
-Cleopatra VII had sided with Marc Anthony against Octavian
-Octavian win extremely decisively
-Rome takes full control of Egypt after the Battle
Amun
-one of Egyptian deities
-meaning evolved throughout time, was once the king of all deities and then a. worshipped god
-had cult in Karnak as a growing temple
-eventually merged with Ra to be Amun-Ra
-based in Thebes
-“Hymn of Amun-Re”
Amarna Letters
-group of writings written in Acadian
-Give a unique view into international relations during the early part of the Late Bronze Age
-Demonstrate that Egypt had more calmer relations with some nations and other exerted more power and dominance over
-showed that Egypt was content to let the smaller states fight amongst themselves but still keep them in control
Amarna Revoltion
-during the 18th Dynasty
-period of dramatic cultural change under Akhenaten
-change of religion to a more monotheistic worship of Aten the Sun God
-different artistic representation that showed humans with different features and more familial themes
-capital moved from Thebes to Akhetaten
Battle of Quadesh
-fought during the 19th dynasty
-fought against the Hittities
-Rameses II claims to have single-handedly defeated the Hittite army
-ends in victory for Egypt and peace deal is agreed upon
Victory Stele of King Piye
-Narrates the campaign of Piye, as he makes his way to Heliopolis
-Takes several cities but says he only destroys cities if they don’t surrender
-Always performs sacrafices and shows respect for the local divinities
-In last phase of conquest, he receives several regional lords offerting tribute
Apis Bull Cult
-A cult centered on an animal as the earthly instantiation of Ptah
-The bull was revered and special ceremonies were centered on it
-Egyptians claimed that a Persian killed the bull used to show hate of Persia
-practiced in Delta (Bubastis, Tanis)
-later become incarnation of Osirus after it died
Zannanza Affair
-an Egyptian queen wrote to a Hittitte officer asking for a son of the king to be married to her
-king sent his son, Zannanza, to Egypt after some diplomacy
-he is killed in an ambush on his way to Egypt
-some speculated that it was by someone in the royal court that would gain from not having another king
Assyrian Empire
- starting to come into Egypt during the 25th dynasty
-invades Egypt under Taharqo rule
-control Egypt with policy of letting out districts do their own thing with puppet dictators
-tried to remove any sense of Egyptian identity and culture
Babylonian Empire
-nation in Mesopotamia
-Fights in Battle of Carchemish against Egypt
-win the battle taking over Egyptian Assyrian rule
-eventually overtook by Persian rule
Bubastite Portal
-located in Karnak
-shows the campaigns of Sheshenq I
-a gate with inscriptions on the wall
-built and depicts 22nd dynasty
God’s Wife of Amun
- position of the chief priestess of the Amun Cult based in Thebes
-at one point was Ahmose
-Hatshepsut seemed to take on its responsibilities when she is around 12
-played a significant political and religious role, often being the daughter or wife of the pharaoh
Great Leader of the Meshwesh/Ma
- title held by the chieftain or leader of the Meshwesh
-Meshwesh was a libyan tribe
-background of Libyans who had come into Egypt and took over
-tribe had migrated to Delta before their leaders got involved with Egyptian politics
Hittites
-group from Syria
-was in large competition against Egypt
-group Egypt fought against in the Battle of Quadesh
-had risen to power by taking over the Mittanis
-lost battle against Egypt and ended with a peace deal
Merneptah Stele
-commemorates Merneptah’s journey of defending Egypt from Libyan invasion
-also shows his campaign against Libya
-first time Israel was mentioned
-inscribed during 19th dynasty
Peleset
-group identified to be Phillistines
-one of groups that comprised who the Sea People were
-displayed some attacks toward Egypt
-shown to be fought off by Rameses III
Persian Empire
-entity that takes over Babylon during 27th dynasty and then Egypt
-allowed regional autonomy to regions around
-loses control but then gains it again in 30th dynasty until Alexander the Great takes over
-tried to be villified by Egyptians with the example of blaming the killing of the Apis bull on them
Sea people
-comprised of many neighboring nations and entities
-thought to have come from Mediterranean area near Greece
-thought to have possibly been forced to go south into Egypt because of environmental factors
-thought to have tried to invade but deterred by Rameses III and settled outside of Egypt
Theodotius’ Decree (391 CE)
-closed down the Egyptian temples
-made it illegal to practice the ancient religion
-destroying the priestly craft of writing in hieroglyphics
-marked the end of Ancient Egyptian ruling and culture
Tjeker
-one of the groups within the Sea Peoples
-featured in the Story of Wenamun
-shown to be defeated by Rameses III
-moved out of Egypt settling elsewhere
