FINAL Flashcards
Abu Simbel
- located in Upper Egypt near the border of Sudan
- One of the most famous temples built by Ramesses II
- built during the Ramessid Period in the 19th Dynasty
- contains 4 massive statues of Ramesses II to show his divine power over the land.
Elephantine Papyri
- a group of letters folded and with sealing still intact with cords and clay stamps
- detailed the lives of Jews in Elephantine Island during the 5th and 4th centuries
-many were contracts that provided information about property and marriages
-some letters detail challeges of moving shipments up the river due to difficult navigation and boating pilots
-showed women buying and owning property
-showing communities that are left relatively autonomous but still recognize Persian imperials as their authority
Elephantine
-greek name for island
-refers to the impression the Island leaves in which it looks like an Elephant
-the Egyptian name for the islands is Yeb or Yab
-location of the found Elephantine letters which showcased the lives of a community of Jews living on the island, providing a lot of information about their lives during the 5th and 4th centuries BCE
Shabaqo
-ruler of Kush during the the later 25th Dynasty
-develops Memphis as the northern capital after annexing Egypt
-officially asserts Nubian power over Egypt
-shabaqo stone created after him containing the Memphite Theology of Ptah and expains the unification and theology dating back to the 19th century
Nekau II
-king during the 26th dynasty
-failed to save the last Assyrian king in Harran
-lost battle of Carchemish against the Babylonians
-Starts the digging of a canal from the east Nile Delta to the Red Sea but eventually abandoned it
Darius
-27th Dynasty king
-orders the collection of Egyptian laws in local regions to portray regional autonomy
-develops a temple in the Kharga Oasis
-completes the building of the Canal between the Red Sea and the Nile
Alexandria
- one of the most important commercial centers of the mediterranean world
-many Egyptians good were sent and transited there
-founded by Alexander the Great during the Ptolemaic Period in the 300s BC in which he was commanded in a dream - was center of Greek intellectual life with many papyrus scrolls found but status would decline after the annexation of Egypt
-located in the western delta on a piece of land that seperated the Mediterranean from the lake
Philae
- a small island on the first cateract of the nile
-predominantly built by Ptolemaic Dynasty but even roman emperors built on it
-traditionally Egypt in style and architecture and was a place of maintaining Egypt culture during Greek control - site of last known hieroglyphic inscription that was dedicated to the son of Horus
Ptolemaic Period
- period in 300s-30s BC where Macedon rulers conquered Egypt during Ptolemaic period
-the last dynasty of Ancient Egypt before it was incorporated into the Roman empire
-large support of religious cults with the belief that rulers were in proximity to the divine world and gods
-site of last known hieroglyphic inscription
-period after the death of Alexander with. much turmoil over debated who will rule until Ptolemy declares himself king and his family would rul for almost 300 years.
Cleopatra VII
-last Egyptian dynasty ruler that eventually oversaw Egypt lose its independence to Rome
- revived Egypt fortunes and traditions briefly
-presented herself as the goddess Isis
-in many personal and political relationships with multiple rulers and family members
Aten
-god of the su disk
-his cult became the sole focus during the reign of Akhenaten
-the Aten cult was eventually attempted to be erased by getting rid of traces of it during Horemheb’s reign
-considered to be a manifestation of Ra
Hatti
-designation of the land of the Hittites (modern turkey)
-took over rule in Syria leading to tensions with Egypt
- eventually defeated Mitanni and ruled over Egyptian vassals
-eventually had a peace treaty with Egypt, the first in known history, that inflicted peace between the two nations
Mittani
-name of state that dominated region of Northern Syria
-a known enemy with Egypt with a lot of tension between the two nations
-king would write letters to Egyptian rulers showing tense relations
-Hittites eventually stages a coup against them and took over the nation
sed festival
-a celebration of renewed kingship in ancient Egypt
-that was held to renew the pharaoh’s physical and supernatural energies, divine birth
-shows that the king is still fit to rule
-originally included a physical test for the king - running involved
-celebrated after king’s 30th year in reign
Talatats
-blocks of stone meant for quick building
-used in the reign of Akhenaten for his building projects
-small blocks that were about 20 by 10 by 9 inches
-artistic innovation that allowed for faster and longer lasting buildings and architecture
Battle of Actium
-happens in 31 BC and one of moments that marked the end of classical egyptian civilization
-Cleopatra VII had sided with Marc Anthony against Octavian
-Octavian win extremely decisively
-Rome takes full control of Egypt after the Battle
Thutmose I
-king during the New Kingdom in teh 18th dynasty
-established his family’s control over Egypt for the next 175 years
-campaigns throughout the Levant and Nubia and is set about conquering nearing regions
-reaches the 5th cateract conquering nearly all of Nubia, destroying the Kingdom of Kush and Kerma
Thutmose III
-king of 18th dynasty during New Kingdom but does not start actually ruling until later in his reign due to Hatshepsut’s takeover of his reign
-campaigns through Nubia after hsi grandfather, attempting to subdue the Nubian population
-arrived at Kurgis and leaves and inscription next to his grandfather’s
-portrays himself as a traditional Egyptian king but hard to tell which is him or Hatshepsut due to similar portrayals and overlapping ruling
-fights the battle of Mediggo
Ahmose
-king of 18th dynasty ushering in a new era of political reunification beginning New Kingdom
-expelled the Hyskos extending Egyptian control
-buried and mortuary installation in Abydos, but his mummy was discovered in a cache in the Valley of the Kings
-Builds the last royal pyramid at Abydos
Hatshepsut
-Acts as regent for young Thutmose II from 1479 - 1473 becoming official king during this time in a slow moving coup
-Sends expedition to land of Punt and Builds mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri
-represents herself as a masculine figure
-Disappears from the record around 1458 and memories were effaced
Ahmose
-king of 18th dynasty ushering in a new era of political reunification beginning New Kingdom
-expelled the Hyskos extending Egyptian control
-buried and mortuary installation in Abydos, but his mummy was discovered in a cache in the Valley of the Kings
-Builds the last royal pyramid at Abydos
Amun
-one of Egyptian deities
-meaning evolved throughout time, was once the king of all deities and then a. worshipped god
-had cult in Karnak as a growing temple
-eventually merged with Ra to be Amun-Ra
-based in Thebes
-“Hymn of Amun-Re”
Amenhotep III
-king during the late 18th dynasty for about 60 years
-a traditional leader following the cult of Amun to not upset the relationship between the family and religious institution
-intitiates major construction activity in Thebes and throughout Egypt
-seen on the colossi of Memnon with greek graffiti poems on it about him
Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten
-king during the late 18th dynasty
- changes his name to be closer to Aten
- moves to Amarna
-introduces a new distinctively different art style showing different features
-went against many traditional practices rebelling against the Amun cult and move center of reign to Akhetaten
Abdi-Ashirta
-featured in the Amarna letters
-ruled a town in Western Asia
-vassal king of Egypt
-constantly trying to push his own advantage and take over more cities
DB 320
-Ahmose, Nerfertari, Amenhotel, Thutmos, Ramesess
-Royal Cache
-several of the most important kings during the 18th-21st
-others were in other burials but collected and put into this cache
-kings put here during the 21st dynasty
KV 55
-tomb in the Valley of the King whose occupants are still unknown and disputed
-Queen Tiye has been identified to be buried here
-But that identification is disputed and argued to possibly be Akhenaten
-mummies were later transferred here not originally buried there
Akhetaten
-claimed to be City of the Sun after Aten
-created in Akhenaten’s reign to be new center of power
-it’s architecture was different than traditional temples
-occupation of the city wa short-lived after Akhenaten dies
Amarna Letters
-group of writings written in Acadian
-Give a unique view into international relations during the early part of the Late Bronze Age
-Demonstrate that Egypt had more calmer relations with some nations and other exerted more power and dominance over
-showed that Egypt was content to let the smaller states fight amongst themselves but still keep them in control
Amarna Revoltion
-during the 18th Dynasty
-period of dramatic cultural change under Akhenaten
-change of religion to a more monotheistic worship of Aten the Sun God
-different artistic representation that showed humans with different features and more familial themes
-capital moved from Thebes to Akhetaten
Horemheb
-king during the 18th dynasty
-becomes king after being commander for several years
-tried to destroy all evidence of Aten cult from history
-Dismantles Akhenaten’s buildings in Karnak and previous kings before him
Sety I
-king during 19th dynasty
-initiated a lot of building activity and programs
-father of Rameses II inspiring much of his later activity
-campaigns in neighboring areas and territories
Rameses II
-rules for more than 60 years in 19th dynasty
-returns kingdom to more stability after the Amarna Period
-large construction projects with statues with his name
-Fight Hittites in Queadesh and eventually concludes a peace deal with them
Battle of Quadesh
-fought during the 19th dynasty
-fought against the Hittities
-Rameses II claims to have single-handedly defeated the Hittite army
-ends in victory for Egypt and peace deal is agreed upon
Rameses III
-king during the 20th dynasty
-Builds mortuary temple at Medinet Habu
-Claims victories over invading Libyans and Sea Peoples
-his temple displays him fighting off other groups
Sethnakht
-first king of 20th dynasty
-attempts to restore order to government
-a non-royal who seems to gain the throne
-recognized as an indiginous Egyptian leader as opposed to other leaders of different descent
Rameses XI
-king during the Ramesid Period of 20th Dynasty, last ruler of the New Kingdom
-held tomb robber trails
-proclaims an era of restoration but ultimately fails
-may have shifted away from the high preist of Amun
Victory Stele of King Piye
-Narrates the campaign of Piye, as he makes his way to Heliopolis
-Takes several cities but says he only destroys cities if they don’t surrender
-Always performs sacrafices and shows respect for the local divinities
-In last phase of conquest, he receives several regional lords offerting tribute
piye
-king during 25th dynasty
-makes a campaign through Egypt to Heliopolis
-destroys cities that don’t surrender to him
-subject of the Victory Stele of King Piye
Tarhaqo
-king during 25th dynasty
-has to flee from Assyrian pressure
-marked the end of Kush control of Egypt
-different variations of art and culture during his rule – mix of Egyptian and Nubian
Apis Bull Cult
-A cult centered on an animal as the earthly instantiation of Ptah
-The bull was revered and special ceremonies were centered on it
-Egyptians claimed that a Persian killed the bull used to show hate of Persia
-practiced in Delta (Bubastis, Tanis)
-later become incarnation of Osirus after it died
Alexander the Great
-took over Egypt marking the end of Egyptian independent rule
-founded Alexandria after conducting it in a dream
-first Annexes persia and then moves to Egypt after feeling of “liberating Egypt”
-declares himself a pharoah of Egypt
Ay
-king during 18th dynasty
-takes over throne after Tutankamun
-ascends to throne as older so does not longer
-has previous government experience
Zannanza Affair
-an Egyptian queen wrote to a Hittitte officer asking for a son of the king to be married to her
-king sent his son, Zannanza, to Egypt after some diplomacy
-he is killed in an ambush on his way to Egypt
-some speculated that it was by someone in the royal court that would gain from not having another king
Howard Carter
-British archeologist and Egyptologist
-discovered King Tut’s tomb in 1920s
-was the best perserved tomb found in the Valley of the kings
-worked with the Earl of Carvenenon for financial support
-died young leading to more evidence of popular culture “the curse of the mummy’s tomb”
Assyrian Empire
- starting to come into Egypt during the 25th dynasty
-invades Egypt under Taharqo rule
-control Egypt with policy of letting out districts do their own thing with puppet dictators
-tried to remove any sense of Egyptian identity and culture
Babylonian Empire
-nation in Mesopotamia
-Fights in Battle of Carchemish against Egypt
-win the battle taking over Egyptian Assyrian rule
-eventually overtook by Persian rule
Bubastis
-original center of 22nd Dynasty
-place of Cult of Apis Bull practices
-located in eastern Delta region
-When Persian rule took over, city began to be dismantled and ruined
Bubastite Portal
-located in Karnak
-shows the campaigns of Sheshenq I
-a gate with inscriptions on the wall
-built and depicts 22nd dynasty
Cambyses
-king during 27th Dynasty
-conquers Egpyt and attempyes to extend rule but fails to gain more territory
-part of Persian Occupation of Egypt
-accused of killing the Apis Bull possibly in attempt to villify him
Colossi of Memnon
-built for Amenhotep III
-has greek graffitti poems on it
-two large stone statues of him
-stands in front of Amenhotep iii’s mortuary temple
Deir el-Bahari
-complex of mortuary temples
-located in Thebes
-shows representations of Hatshepsut’s trip to Punt on her installation
-much of it was destroyed in efforts to erase memory of Hatshepsut
Deir el-Medina
-established in 18th dynasty
-possibly created by Amenhotep I
-a worker’s village for the 18th-20th century
-place for workers who were constructing the Valley of the Kings
God’s Wife of Amun
- position of the chief priestess of the Amun Cult based in Thebes
-at one point was Ahmose
-Hatshepsut seemed to take on its responsibilities when she is around 12
-played a significant political and religious role, often being the daughter or wife of the pharaoh
Great Leader of the Meshwesh/Ma
- title held by the chieftain or leader of the Meshwesh
-Meshwesh was a libyan tribe
-background of Libyans who had come into Egypt and took over
-tribe had migrated to Delta before their leaders got involved with Egyptian politics
Hittites
-group from Syria
-was in large competition against Egypt
-group Egypt fought against in the Battle of Quadesh
-had risen to power by taking over the Mittanis
-lost battle against Egypt and ended with a peace deal
Karnak
-a relgious complex of temples
-mainly centered around the God Amun
-accounts of many events, such as battle of megiddo, are found here
-shows Thutmosis III campaign accounts
-built by Sety I
Kashta
-king during 25th dynasty
-a Nubian ruler
-conquered Upper Egypt
-added egyptian aspects into Nubia - combining cultures
KV 20
-tomb in the Valley of the Kings
-thought to be first tomb constructed in the Valley of the Kings
-original burial place of Thutmose I
-Hatshepsut eventually set her mortuary complex here
Luxor
-modern city that once contained Thebes
-located in Upper Egypt
- a majority of Ancient Egypt had capital in Thebes/Luxor
-imporant center of militairy, political, and social culture of Ancient Egypt
Maatkare
-Hatshepsut renamed herself this
-means the soul of re is truth
-important since it was uncommon for women to change their name like men did
-eventually became many woman leaders took on in future
Medinet Habu
-the mortuary temple of Rameses III
-showed Rameses II fighting of other groups
-introduced and showed realtions between Egyptians and the Sea Peoples
-built in Thebes
Merneptah
-king during 19th dynasty
-claimed victory over the Sea Peoples and Libyans
-successfully defended Egypt from being taken over
-son of Rameses II
-inscripted the Merenptah stele
Merneptah Stele
-commemorates Merneptah’s journey of defending Egypt from Libyan invasion
-also shows his campaign against Libya
-first time Israel was mentioned
-inscribed during 19th dynasty
Meroe
-an admistrative center for Cush
-became capital of Egypt when Napata was taken over
-had many different cultural aspects from both cultures in it
-located south of Egypt
Napata
-a capital of Kushite power after 25th dynasty
-Amun had center following here
-after being taken over, role of capital moved to Meroe
-situated south of egypt
Naukratis
-located in Delta
-city and trading post center for Egyptian trade
-a gateway to trade with other mediterranean entities
-start of relations between Greece and Egypt
Neferneferauten
-meaning is Aten is the most beautiful
-king or possibly queen in 18th dynasty
-identity still not fully known - may be Nefertiti with a co-regent
-reigned or co-reigned after Akenhaten
Nefertiti
-figure during the Amarna Period
-wife of Akenhaten
-dissapeared from archeological record
-possible disputed if she was the king Neferneferauten under a masculine name
Paramesu
-original name of Rameses I
-was a vizier but came to power as incumbent did not have an heir
-first king of 19th dynasty
-had long career in army and administration
Peleset
-group identified to be Phillistines
-one of groups that comprised who the Sea People were
-displayed some attacks toward Egypt
-shown to be fought off by Rameses III
Persian Empire
-entity that takes over Babylon during 27th dynasty and then Egypt
-allowed regional autonomy to regions around
-loses control but then gains it again in 30th dynasty until Alexander the Great takes over
-tried to be villified by Egyptians with the example of blaming the killing of the Apis bull on them
Valley of the Kings
-place where several mummies were found to be buried
-mummies were taken from their original burial sites to protect them from tomb robbers
-contains many important kings and collections including Tutankamun and Ahmose
-mainly for rulers during the New Kingdom
Pinudjem I
-high priest of Amun
-based in Thebes
-was the de facto ruler of the South Egypt
-worked on reburials in the valley of the kings
-one of priests to exercise power in reburial program
Piramesse (Pi-Rameses)
-capital city during the Ramessid Period
-established by Rameses II
-put ruling closer to international action with Hatti in Syria
-located in Delta Region between Tanis and Bubastis
Psusennes I
-king during 21st dynasty
-tomb discovered intact
-findings from tomb showed silver as being a symbol of status - coffin made of silver
-ruled from Tanis
Punt
- a region of land located south of Egypt
-major source of luxory goods that were entering Egypt
-Hatshepsut claimed to have made a trip there during her reign fund on her motuary temple
-she also sent an expedition there to gain more luxury goods
Rib-Adda
-king of Byblos during Amarna Period
-sent many Amarna letters
-seemed to argue with Abdi-Ashirta
-wrote to Akenhaten
Sais
-city located in Western Delta region
-source of expansion of the 24th dynasty
-thought to have had many temples and buildings
-was destroyed during Perian takeover and ruling
Sea people
-comprised of many neighboring nations and entities
-thought to have come from Mediterranean area near Greece
-thought to have possibly been forced to go south into Egypt because of environmental factors
-thought to have tried to invade but deterred by Rameses III and settled outside of Egypt
Senenmut
-one of hatshepsut’s counselors
-becomes a close-confidant of hers and helps aid her in her take over of power
-government official during 18th dynasty
-had many statues after him which was uncommon for officials without reignal status
Sheshonq I
-king during 22nd dynasty
-concentrates power in Tanis
-raids Palestine
-came from line of Libyan tribal leaders
Smenkhkara
-ruled during Amarna period
-possible occupant of KV 55
-if proven to be in KV 55, is father of Tutankhamun
-followed after Nefernatuaren
Tanis
-located in east Delta
-capital in Third Intermediate Period
-power declined and then moved to Memphis
-has many intact royal burials
-served as trade center
Tausret
-queen of 19th dynasty
-widow of Sety II who ascended to throne
-her reign marked the end of 19th dynasty
-last ruling descendant of Rameses
Temple of Amun-Ra
-located in Karnak
-a growing temple complex that was added onto by succeeding kings
-built by Sety I
-largest religious building ever built
Thebes
-located in upper Egypt
-worshipped around Amun
-capital of Egypt during New Kingdom
-place of temple of Karnak
Theodotius’ Decree (391 CE)
-closed down the Egyptian temples
-made it illegal to practice the ancient religion
-destroying the priestly craft of writing in hieroglyphics
-marked the end of Ancient Egyptian ruling and culture
Tjeker
-one of the groups within the Sea Peoples
-featured in the Story of Wenamun
-shown to be defeated by Rameses III
-moved out of Egypt settling elsewhere
Tutankhamun
-young ruler of 18th century
-tomb was the most intact burial found- many treasures and safe from tomb robbers
-discovered by Howard Carter
-doorway to his tomb was sealed with rope
-original name was Tutankhaten – but changed to worship Amun
