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Evolution > FINAL - Old stuff > Flashcards

FINAL - Old stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific basis for research on model organisms?

A

Common ancestry

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2
Q

Males Homozygotes

Females Heterozygotes

A

Sex determination in Birds and Moths

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3
Q

Males Heterozygotes

Females Homozygotes

A

Sex determination of Mammals and insects

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4
Q

Sex is ___________ in reptiles

A

Temperature dependent
Hot: Female
Cold: Male

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5
Q

Mites and bees exhibit _______

A

Haplodiploidy

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6
Q

Organisms reproduce once after many years and then die shortly after

A

Semelparity

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7
Q

Hybrid sterility is often limited to heterogametic sex

A

Haldanes rule

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8
Q

Mothers increase success by laying eggs in other birds nest

A

Brood parasite

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9
Q

In birds and Lepidoptera sex chromosomes are reversed:

A

WZ ZZ system

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10
Q

Mothers are choosy with who they mate with

A

Good genes hypothesis

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11
Q

Reproductive trait that prevents successful breeding between species

A

Isolation mechanism

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12
Q

Mimicry complexes in butterflies

A

Disruptive selection

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13
Q

ESS

A

Evolutionary Stable Strategy

If adopted by a pop it becomes fixed

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14
Q

JM smith

A

ESS

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15
Q

A phenotype that nearly all individuals have, no alternate phenotype can invade it

A

ESS

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16
Q

gradual change in allele frequencies over geographic distance

A

Cline

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17
Q

Explanations for atruism

A

Reciprocation
Manipulation
Individual advantage

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18
Q

rb>c

A

Relatedness of recipient to actor
Benefit to recipient
Reproductive cost to actor

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19
Q

unrelated pairs to rear off spring because it helps them get a future mate

A

cooperative breeding

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20
Q

Female annolis lizard

A

evidence for cost of reproduction

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21
Q

Speciation where reproductive isolation occurs first in pop

A

Sympatric

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22
Q

PSC

A

Phlyogenetic species concept

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23
Q

Person who coined PSC

A

Cracraft

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24
Q

Evidence for allopatric speciation:

A

geographically distant pops were more genetically diff and less likely to mate

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25
Q

alleles that increase allocation to reproduction early in life will decrease function later in life

A

Antagonistic pleitropy

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26
Q

Mutation accumulated later in life can not be selected against

A

Mutation accumulation

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27
Q

Sympatric speciation shows the existence of:

A

Disruptive selection based off of resource use

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28
Q

Change in a trait making bearer better suited to survive/reproduce

A

Adaptation

29
Q

How many mass extinctions:

A

5

30
Q

Method of Lederbergs to demonstrate mutation as a random process

A

Replica plating

31
Q

Involves abnormal placement of body parts

A

Homeotic mutation

32
Q

The difference in trait means of a population before and after selection

A

Selection coefficient

33
Q

Bad mutation accumulate irreversibly, increasing genetic burden

A

Mullers ratchet

34
Q

Taxa evolved separately to occupy similar niches in different areas

A

Ecological equivalence

35
Q

Selects against less adapted individuals at one tail of distribution

A

Directional selection

36
Q

When an organism increases its survival advantage in one area at the expense of another area

A

Trade off

37
Q

organisms must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing organisms in a constantly changing environment

A

Red Queen Effect

Proposed by Valen

38
Q

Most mutations are _____ and there effects are ______

A

Neutral

Small

39
Q

Earths age

A

4.55 BYO

40
Q

Humans and chimps - Chromosomes

A

Fusion of chimp chrom. 12 and 13 resulted in Human chrom 2

41
Q

Innovations in chronological order

A 
Collagen/ true tissues
Gastrula, ectoderm endoderm 
mesoderm
hemocoel
segmentation
42
Q

Dispersion of humans

A

Africa, Eurasia and Australia, Americas, Polynesia

43
Q

Out of Africa Hypothesis

A

Modern sapiens evolved form archaic sapiens in Africa, spreading through out the world in 2nd expansion, and replaced the pop of archaic sapiens w/o interbreeding with them

44
Q

Spp live one place and no where else

A

Endemism

45
Q

Oldest known fossils

A

Stromatolites

46
Q

Apomorphic

A

derived, specialized, advanced trait

47
Q

Synapomorphic

A

Shared derived traits

48
Q

Evidence that confirms earths age

A

Oldest earth rocks, oldest moon rocks, meteorites

49
Q

When stronger pre zygotic isolation occurs due to selection against low-fitness hybrids

A

Reinforcement

50
Q

Coined uniformitarianism

A

Lyell

51
Q

Sharing of genetic info between spp

A

Lateral gene transfer

52
Q

Shared ancestry creates similarity in structure, despite diff in fxn

A

homology

53
Q

Base pair differences vs time since divergence are nearly constant

A

Molecular clock

54
Q

Traits common to related taxa show up 1st in ontogeny b4 phylogeny is apparent

A

Von Baer’s Law

55
Q

Growth of body parts at different rates resulting in change of body proportions

A

Allometry

56
Q

Darwins 4 postulates

A

VIST

Variation, Inheritability, Selection and Time

57
Q

Darwin drew parallel btwn Nat and Artificial sel by breeding:

A

Pigeons

58
Q

Darwin drew parallel between Natural and Artificial selection by breeding:

A

Pigeons

59
Q

an ancestral spp. and all of its descendants

A

Clade

60
Q

Maximum parsimony is based on the principle of

A

Occams razor

61
Q

Maximum parsimony is based on the principle of

A

Occams razor

62
Q

Plesiomorphic

A

Ancestral, less specialized traits

63
Q

Homoplasy

A

Convergence

64
Q

Organisms reprodice multiple times through out life time

A

Iteroparity

65
Q

Individual with different survivorship and reproductive outputs of individuals in a population

A

Natural Selection

66
Q

Sexual selection

A

Male-male competition

Female choice

67
Q

Divergent evolution of many related lineages with in a short time

A

Evolutionary Radiation

68
Q

Proceeding by SMALL successive changes

A

Gradualism

Evolution (4 decks)

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