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Evolution > FINAL - New Stuff > Flashcards

FINAL - New Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Found that early embryonic stages of different vertebrates have features in common that they would lose later in development

A

Von Baer

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2
Q

Von Baer

A

Comparative Animal Development

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3
Q

Early in development, a human is virtually indistinguishable from:

A

an alligator or mouse

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4
Q

Embryos of _____, _______ and ______ develop _______ that are resorbed and lacking in adults

A

birds
anteaters
baleen whales
incipient teeth

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5
Q

Human embryos grow a _____ that persists as _______; some infants are born with

A

tail
3 fused sacral vertebrae
complete tails

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6
Q

wnt-3a gene, Chr 1

A

Gene that controls tail growth

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7
Q

Range of tail length’s in humans

A

1-12” long

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8
Q

As in other primates, human fetuses develop ________; normally shed before birth but sometimes present at birth

A

dense coat of hair (Lanugo)

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9
Q

Comparative animal development provides evidence for:

A

evolution of diverse spp. from common ancestors

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10
Q

Differential rate of growth of different parts or dimensions of an organisms during ontogeny

A

Allometric growth

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11
Q

Allometric growth examples:

A

An elephant’s tusks are incisor teeth that have grown faster and for a longer time than other teeth

Male stag beetle shows positive allometry of mandibles, relative to body size

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12
Q

In 1970/80’s, discovery of the ______ of ______ genes in animals marked down of modern evo-devo

A

Hox cluster

homeobox

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13
Q

Homeobox genes

A

Direct development of the animal from the front end all the way to the back

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14
Q

Homeobox genes are a class of ________ that control patterning of specific body structures

A

homeotic selector genes

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15
Q

Homeobox genes control identity of segments along _______ body axis of animals

A

anterior-posterior

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16
Q

The same “toolkit” of genes and developmental pathways are _____ in the vast diversity of organisms

A

conserved

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17
Q

Mutations in Hox genes

A

Homeotic mutations

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18
Q

Mutations in Hox genes cause ________ of one type of ______ into another

A

transformations

segment

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19
Q

Hox mutations in what spp:

A

drosophila

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20
Q

Mapping p/a of ______ on animal tree of life shows _______________

A

Hox genes

common evolutionary history

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21
Q

______ sets stage for further study of commonalities among animals in _______ patterning and limb development

A

Mapping of Hox genes

dorsal-ventral

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22
Q

Fluorescent visualization methods reveal that _______ are expressed in _____________

A

Hox genes

spatially restricted regions

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23
Q

Under normal conditions:

A

Antennapedia gene expressed only in first segment of thorax

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24
Q

Under mutated conditions:

A

antennapedia gene can have a gain of function mutation that causes an antenna to leg transformation

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25
Q

All hox genes have DNA-binding region of _________ referred to as ______

A

~60 amino acids

homeodomain

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26
Q

Regulate DNA transcription (or control development)

Turn transcription on/off or enhance suppress transcription rate

Fine tune expression of other gene products necessary for development

A

Roles of Hox genes

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27
Q

Hox gene tasks are central to ____________, so nucleotide sequence is ______ across widely divergent taxa

A

body plan development

conserved

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28
Q

Importance of common ancestry

A

Common ancestry informs agriculture, human health, and society through basic and applied research on bacteria to chimpanzees

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29
Q

Creation/Evolution continuum reflects:

A

Degree to which the bible is interpreted literally

Different philosophical beliefs

How much modern science is accepted?

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30
Q

At opposite ends of continuum are

A

Flat earthers

Atheistic evolution

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31
Q

Flat earthers

A

passages in bible imply earth is circular and flat; believe modern geology, physics, and astronomy are an error

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32
Q

Atheistic evolution

A

scientific theory of evolution; functions under rules of scientific method and limits explanations to the natural world. Is neither anti-religious nor pro-religious

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33
Q

In the US, when asked about the origin of humans, a 2005 gallup poll showed that:

A

53% believed God created humans in their present forms
“speciation creation”

31% believed God created humans by guiding evolution
“Theistic evolution”

12% of Americans accepted that humans evolved from non-human ancestors
“Atheistic evolution”

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34
Q

A state by state analysis by the Thomas B. Fordham Institute found that:

A

20 states earned a “sound grade” (including CA)

17 states earned a “passing” or marginal grade

13 states earned “failing grades” or worse (Kansas)

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35
Q

Thomas B. Fordham Institute found that teaching of evolution changed little since:

A

its 2000 report

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36
Q

How many weeks did the trial last?

A

6 weeks

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37
Q

Who is Bertha Spar?

A

Dover Science Teacher

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38
Q

Who is Bryan Rhem?

A

Dover Science Teacher

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39
Q

Who is Alan Bonsell?

A

School board member who proposed creationism be taught in the science class room

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40
Q

Hollywood movie that dramatized scopes “monkey trial”

A

Inherit the Wind

41
Q

After Scopes trial, what happened to evolution coverage in biology test books?

A

It was discluded from text books as it was too controversial

42
Q

What US law does teaching creationism violate?

A

Separation of church and state

43
Q

Who is Bill Buckingham?

A

Retired police man who was appointed to review textbooks before the school purchased them

He refused the purchase of the Biology book as it was “laced with darwinism”

44
Q

What year did Darwin publish on the Origin of species

A

1859

45
Q

What chain of islands interested Darwin most?

A

Galapagos

46
Q

Darwin argued the nat sel over time could lead to:

A

development of new species

47
Q

Phrase Darwin used to describe new spp. from old?

A

Descent with modification

48
Q

____ to ____ of US pop does not accept evolution

A

1/3

1/2

49
Q

What vandalism provoked controversy in Dover, PA

A

A mural of humans evolving from apes painted by a student, which was stolen and burned

50
Q

Which law firm did Bill Buckingham contact?

A

Thomas More Law Center

51
Q

What conservative think tank in Seattle calls itself the nations leading ID proponent?

A

Discovery Institute

52
Q

What does ID’s “John Loves Mary” mean?

A

Life is too complex to be at random. There must be an intelligent agent behind it. The wind will blow and the water can wash on the shore, but with out and intelligent designer, the words “Johns loves Mary” will never appear.

53
Q

Book that Law Professor Phillip Johnson wrote that laid groundwork for ID?

A

Darwin on Trial

54
Q

Text Buckingham proposed as a good compromise in the Science class room:

A

Of Pandas and People

55
Q

What did the Administrators Biology Statement in Biology Class say?

A

That the theory of evolution has many gaps

and ID is proposed to fill these gaps

56
Q

Organizations that represented plantiffs (11 Dover Parents)

A

ACLU

NCSE

57
Q

Organization that represented defendants (Dover school board)

A

Thomas More Law Center

58
Q

Two politicians that supported teaching ID?

A

Rick Santorum

President Bush

59
Q

Who is John E. Jones III?

A

Judge presiding over the case

Appointed by Bush

60
Q

Fundamental question both sides asked the judge to rule on?

A

Is ID a science or not

61
Q

What organization tracks challenges to evolution in public schools?

A

National Center for Science Education

62
Q

Who is Kenneth Miller?

A

Co-Author of Biology Book

63
Q

What view does ID promote?

A

That organisms poofed into existence by an Intelligent Designer

64
Q

What new fossil was coming to light at the time of the trial?

A

Tiktaalik

Amphibian-fish

65
Q

Who is Kevin Padian?

A

Paleontologist who Showed Judge Transitional Fossils

66
Q

What evidence did Padian present

A

Archaeopteryx

Showed how whales evolved from land mammals back into the ocean

67
Q

Field of science that put Evolution to the test?

A

Genetics

68
Q

Occasionally mutations give rise to ______ mutations

A

Beneficial

69
Q

Human vs chimp chromosomes

A

12 and 13 in chimp fused to make human chrom #2
24 chrom in chimp
23 chrom in human

70
Q

What practical pursuits rely on knowledge and discoveries of evolution?

A

Agriculture
Medication
Vaccinations

71
Q

Is super natural causation a part of science?

A

No, it can not be tested

72
Q

What item did lead plaintiff Tammy Kitzmiller receive in her mailbox?

A

Hate Mail

73
Q

Who resigned from the Dover school board & moved out of state?

A

Bill Buckingham

74
Q

How many defense witnesses for ID remained after 5” dropped like flies”?

A

3

75
Q

Why did NOVA’s repeated requests to the Discovery Institute for interviews fail?

A

Set conditions that were inconsistent with normal journalistic practices

76
Q

Who is Michael Behe & what book did he write?

A

Senior fellow at discovery institute, author of Darwin’s Black Box, professor of biochemistry

77
Q

What is Behe’s definition of “design”?

A

Observable, empirical, physical evidence in nature of purposeful arrangement of parts.

78
Q

What “intelligently designed” biological system did Behe cite?

A

Bacterial Flagella

79
Q

What is irreducible complexity?

A

If any structure is removed it wouldn’t function at all. It suggests that biological systems could not have evolved to their functional stage by small successive modifications

80
Q

What disease organism has an organ that functions like a syringe?

A

Yersinia Pestis

81
Q

What “fashion statement” did Kenneth Miller wear in courtroom?

A

Mouse trap as a tie clip

82
Q

What did plaintiff’s lawyer pile on witness stand?

A

Articles and books with sophisticated explanations as to how the vertebrate immune systems evolved

83
Q

Who is Scott Minnich, what did he testify about?

A

Defense witness, professor of Microbiology at U of Idaho

Spoke about the bacteria flagellum and how ID CAN be tested

84
Q

What religious issue did the court address?

A

If teaching ID had a religious influence and if it would violate the establishment clause

85
Q

What smoking gun was revealed about Pandas & People?

A

In a catalogue the books was listed under creation science, evidence that ID was just renamed

86
Q

Who is Barbara Forrest & what did she testify about?

A

Philosophy professor, she investigated textbook drafts of pandas and people and found evidence that it was creationism repackaged

87
Q

Refute Michael Behe conclusion that astrology is scientific theory

A

Science requires that there is physical/observable/measurable data. That you cannot do with astrology.

88
Q

What was the goal of the 1998 Wedge document?

A

Change American culture to return back to religious origins and to change Darwinian evolution as widely accepted scientific theory to ID

89
Q

What was the motivation of Dover school board?

A

Balance teaching time of evolution and creationism (ID)

90
Q

What did judge rule on Dec, 2005?

A

ID is not science, unconstitutional to teach in science class

91
Q

What penalties did judge inflict on school district?

A

Perjury charges for lying under oath

Had to pay plantiff’s legal fees

92
Q

What issue did both sides of case agree on?

A

Opponents for both evolution and creationism are persistent

93
Q

Least accepting of evolution

A

Turkey

US 2nd to last

94
Q

Most accepting to evolution

A

Iceland

95
Q

Tennessee v. Scopes AKA

A

the monkey trial

96
Q

In 1925, ______ passed anti-evolution law, making it a ___________, for a public school teacher, “to teach any theory that denies the story of the divine creation of man as taught in the Bible”

A

Tennessee

misdemeanor

97
Q

Coach & substitute science teacher ______ arrested & tried for teaching human evolution at Dayton High School, TN;

A

John Scopes

98
Q

Scopes trial: Pitted attorney Clarence Darrow ______ against __________ William Jennings Bryan (prosecution)

A

(defense)

fundamentalist

Evolution (4 decks)

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