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Evolution > Exam 3-2 > Flashcards

Exam 3-2 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the simplest case of kin selection.

A

Parental care

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2
Q

Mother with _____ enhances survival of _____ by caring for them, whereas another mother lacking _____ does not

A

allele A
her offspring
allele

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3
Q

If parental care results in at least __ extra surviving _____, THEN ___ will _______ frequency, even if parental care costs mother her life

A

2
offspring
A
increase

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4
Q

example of parental care

A

IF c (cost) = 1 (mother dies) and b = 1 (survival of offspring)

THEN mothers A allele has probability of r=0.05 of being carried by her offspring

Hamilton’s rule is satisfied by survival of >2 extra offspring relative to mother: (0.5 x 3) > 1

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5
Q

Hamiltons Rule

A

(b r > c)

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6
Q

Interactions among other _________ relative also follow ______________

A

collateral

Hamiltons rule

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7
Q

Genes _______ in frequency when ________ ________ of a recipient to an actor (r) ______ by benefit to recipient (b) > ________ _______ to actor (c=1)

A

increase
genetic relatedness
multiplied
reproductive cost

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8
Q

_______ _____ shows why indiscriminate altruism _____ evolve by ______ _________ ________

A

parental care
cannot
simple individual selection

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9
Q

Eusociallty

A

extreme form of altruism

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10
Q

Nearly /completely _____ individuals (workers) rear offspring of their _____________ . Found in __ __________, all termites, many ___________ and a few other insects

A

sterile
parent (king and/or queen
1 mammal (naked mole rat)
Hymenoptera

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11
Q

haplodiploidy:

A 
female = fertilized eggs (diploid, 2N)
male = unfertilized eggs (haploid, 1N)
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12
Q

In haplodiploid spp Females will be more closely related to

A

their sisters (0.75) than to their own daughters

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13
Q

And their father (haploid) makes sperm by

A

mitosis, so every sperm is clone of father

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14
Q

Some traits bring advantages for obtaining a mate, but:

A

may decrease survival or increase vulnerability to predators

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15
Q

coined by Darwin

A

Sexual Selection

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16
Q

sexual selection makes many organisms:

A

usually males, go to extreme lengths for sex

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17
Q

examples of sexual selection

A

elaborate bower in bower birds

enlarged antlers in deer, moose, & caribou

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18
Q

other sexually selected traits

A

black widow
elephant seals
guppies :)

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19
Q

2 kinds of selection:

male - male competition

A

males compete with each other for female or for female access

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20
Q

exaggerated traits may reflect

A

male strength, fighting ability or positions of dominance

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21
Q

example of male - male competition

A

of 713 matches between caribou male of different antler size, males with smaller antler size withdrew 90% of time

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22
Q

female choice occurs because:

A

females produce few, large gametes (eggs) and males produce many small gametes (sperm)

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23
Q

runaway sexual selection

A

once trait starts it becomes self-reinforcing

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24
Q

factors in runaway sexual selection

A

Exaggerated trait (ex: peacock’s tail) carries ecological disadvantage (ex: higher risk of predation)

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25
Q

______ can run counter to ______

A

Sexual selection

natural selection

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26
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

large phenotypic differences between sexes

27
Q

extreme form of male - male competition

A

infanticide

28
Q

example of infanticide

A

lions

29
Q

during takeover times

A

At times of stress females have also been observed killing their own cubs

30
Q

example of infanticide

A

wild langur monkeys: DNA analyses show males that kill infants are fathers of infants born to the same mothers

31
Q

Parents sometimes kill offspring as way of

A

adaptively regulating brood size

32
Q

example of brood size

A

passerine bird populations in Oxford, UK

33
Q

siblicide

A

In some species, larger offspring in a brood (sibs) may kill smaller sibs

34
Q

examples of siblicide

A

Booby: survivors of sibs competition depends on food

sand tiger shark

35
Q

Females choose males by requiring courtship or nuptial gifts

A

female choice

36
Q

females select males that may provide

A

Parental care
Territorial defense
Food
Be less likely to pass diseases to offspring
Provide more fit offspring = good gene hypothesis

37
Q

example of female choice

A

Thornhill: found that female hangingflies have higher egg laying rate when mated with male that provide large nuptial food gift (usually a large insect)

38
Q

leading explanations for cooperation (apparent altruism)

A

manipulation
individual advantage
reciprocation

39
Q

manipulation

A

donor may disperse aid because it is being manipulated or coerced.

40
Q

Individual advantage

A

evolves because it is advantageous tot eh individual

41
Q

Reciprocation

A

advantage for individual to help another if recipient provides reciprocal aid in future

42
Q

Cowbirds and cuckoos lay their eggs in other bird’s nests

A

example of manipulation

43
Q

kingfisher help unrelated pairs to rear off spring because it helps them get a future mate

A

example of individual advantage

44
Q

recently fed vampire bats feed regurgitated blood to other roost members that have been successful foragers

A

example of reciprocation

45
Q

A group of interbreeding (or potentially interbreeding) individuals, reproductively isolated from other such groups

A

species

46
Q

Biological Species Concept (BSC), defines species by ___________, not by ____________, even if they are not ______________

A

reproductive discontinuity
phenotypic differences
geographically separated

47
Q

Three observations contributed to BSC development:

A

variation within populations, geographic variation and sibling species

48
Q

chief limitation of BSC

A

Would geographically- separated (allopatric) populations interbreed if they someday encounter each other?

49
Q

example of chief limitation:

Geographic ranges of pygmy nuthatch in western NA & of brown headed nuthatch in south eastern US

A

Separated by 100s of miles
Differ in song and subtly in color pattern
Difficult to tell if they are different biological species

50
Q

BSC requires that biologists make judgements about whether such species would interbreed if they came into contact under ______ conditions

A

natural

51
Q

_____ change in the past and ______ cause changes in environment today have brought formerly isolated population together

A

Climate

human

52
Q

Extinct forms are classified on strictly on

A

morphological grounds

53
Q

bacteria & viruses

A

asexual species

54
Q

asexual species is assigned to species based on _______

A

genetic similarity

55
Q

asexual species don’t use meiotic sex, but bacteria and viruses exchange genes in other ways, known as

A

conjugation

56
Q

_________ are classified by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and shapes (capsid shape)

A

viruses

57
Q

BSC inspired alternative species definitions

A

Phylogenetic species concept (PSC)

58
Q

Phylogenetic species concept (PSC), Emphasizes species as outcome of _______; products of ________

A

evolution

history of evolutionary divergence

59
Q

An irreducible cluster of organisms diagnosably different from other such clusters, and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

A

widely accepted definition of species

Cracraft 1989

60
Q

Occurs when offspring are produced by interbreeding between distinct populations

A

gene flow and hybridization

61
Q

European fire-bellied & yellow-bellied toads from hybrid zone

A

example of gene flow and hybridization

Two species differ in loci that code for enzymes and several morphological traits

62
Q

European fire-bellied & yellow-bellied toads from hybrid zone graph findings

A

Clines** form hybrid zone where genetically distinct allopatric populations meet and interbreed to a limited extent

63
Q

cline

A

gradual change in allele frequencies over geographic distance

Evolution (4 decks)

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