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physiology II > final - new material > Flashcards

final - new material Flashcards

1
Q

hormones produced by the zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex)

A

mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

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2
Q

hormones produced by the zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex)

A

glucocorticoids - cortisol

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3
Q

hormones produced by the zona reticularis (adrenal cortex)

A

gonadocorticoids - androgens

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4
Q

hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines - epi and nepi

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5
Q

the adrenal cortex synthesizes its hormones from

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

aldosterone fx

A

retention of Na (reabsorption)
secretion of K and H

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7
Q

in what cells does aldosterone increase Na reabsorption and K secretion

A

principal cells

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8
Q

in what cells does aldosterone increase H secretion

A

alpha intercalated cells

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9
Q

secretion of aldosterone is controlled by

A

BP
tissue fluid [Na]
blood [K]

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10
Q

this hormone controls metabolism

A

cortisol

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11
Q

cortisol is regulated by

A

CRH and ACTH (+)
cortisol (-)

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12
Q

glucocorticoid secretion is increased by

A

stress

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13
Q

response to low dose dexamethasone suppression test in animals with hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s)

A

no suppression

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14
Q

response to exogenous ACTH in animals with hyperadrenocorticisim (cushing’s)

A

exaggerated response

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15
Q

main cause of hyperadrenocorticism

A

pituitary tumor/hyperplasia

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16
Q

primary cause of hypoadrenocorticism (addison’s)

A

immune mediated destruction of adrenal cortex

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17
Q

secondary cause of hypoadrenocorticism (addison’s)

A

insufficient ACTH production in anterior pituitary

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18
Q

response to ACTH response test in animals with primary hypoadrenocorticism

A

baseline ACTH dramatically inc
subnormal response to ACTH - low cortisol

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19
Q

response to ACTH test in animals with secondary hypoadrenocorticism

A

baseline ACTH decreased
response to ACTH is diminished

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20
Q

who does hyperaldosteronism (conn’s) affect

A

older cats

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21
Q

causes of hyperaldosteronism

A

adrenal tumor hyper-secreting aldosterone
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

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22
Q

alpha 1 receptors effects

A

vasoconstriction
pupil dilation
contraction of int. urethral sphincter

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23
Q

alpha 2 receptor effects

A

decreases NEPI released

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24
Q

beta 1 receptor effects
1. inc conduction velocity
2. inc heart contractility and SV
3. inc renin secretion
4. ____

A

inc HR and CO

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25
Q

beta 2 receptor effects
1. inc aqueous humor prod.
2. bronchodilation
3. gluconeogenesis
4. detrusor m. relaxed
5. ____

A

vasodilation

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26
Q

insulin release is stimulated by

A

hyperglycemia

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27
Q

what receptor does insulin bind to stimulate glycogenesis in the liver

A

tyrosine kinase

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28
Q

most Ca is reabsorbed in the

A

PCT
DCT
ascending loop of henle

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29
Q

PTH is secreted by

A

chief cells of parathyroid gland

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30
Q

PTH is released in response to

A

low Ca/Mg
EPI binding B-adrenergic receptor

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31
Q

effect of PTH on amorphous bone

A

transfer Ca across the osteoblast-osteocyte membrane

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32
Q

effect of PTH on stable bone

A

stimulates osteoblasts to secrete RANKL to activate osteoclasts

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33
Q

effect of PTH on kidney

A

dec phosphate reabsorption
inc Ca reabsorption

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34
Q

active vitamin D is stimulated by

A

PTH and dec Ca

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35
Q

effects of active vitamin d

A

inc intestinal absorption of Ca
inc reabsorption of Ca in PCT
promote bone resorption

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36
Q

effects of calcitonin

A

inc excretion of Ca and phosphate
inhibit osteoclasts
inhibit Ca absorption in gut

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37
Q

twitch of the facial muscles that occurs when gently tapping the cheek in front of the ear; sign of hypocalcemia

A

chvostek’s sign

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38
Q

involuntary contraction of the muscles in the hand and wrist that occurs after the compression of the arm with a BP cuff; sign of hypocalcemia

A

trousseau’s sign

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39
Q

glucagon binds to its cell surface receptor and activates ___

A

cAMP

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40
Q

cAMP activates

A

protein kinase A

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41
Q

chromosomal sex is determined at

A

fertilization

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42
Q

gonadal sex is differentiated by the

A

SRY gene

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43
Q

MIF produced by the testes causes

A

regression of paramesonephric duct

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44
Q

in the F, sex cords produce

A

follicle cells

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45
Q

in the F, mesenchyme produces

A

theca cells

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46
Q

in the M, sex cords produce

A

sertoli cells

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47
Q

in the M, mesenchyme produces

A

leydig cells

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48
Q

what is the connection between the medullary cords and mesonephros in the M

A

wolffian duct

49
Q

epididymis, vas deferens and urethra are differentiated from

A

mesonephros duct

50
Q

production of ___ by the rete testis causes regression of the mullerian duct

A

anti-mullerian hormone

51
Q

in the F, in the absence of testosterone, ____ gives rise to the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina

A

muellerian duct

52
Q

testosterone is converted to DHT by

A

5a-reductase

53
Q

where does final sexual differentiation take place? driven by what?

A

hypothalamus; testosterone

54
Q

the aromatization of testosterone into estadiol in the hypothalamus is necessary to

A

inactivate the surge center

55
Q

what reproductive hormones are steroid hormones and have an intracellular receptor

A

testosterone
estrogen
progesterone

56
Q

estrogen is produced by

A

granulosa cells - ovary
placenta
adrenal cortex

57
Q

progesterone is produced by

A

corpus luteum - ovary
placenta
adrenal cortex

58
Q

testosterone is produced by

A

leydig cells - testes
adrenal cortex

59
Q

hypothalamus produces which reproductive hormone

A

GnRH

60
Q

anterior pituitary produces which reproductive hormones

A

FSH
LH

61
Q

what cells does FSH bind to

A

granulosa cells

62
Q

what cells does LH bind to

A

theca cells

63
Q

early in the cycle, estradiol produces ___ feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

negative

64
Q

at midcycle, estradiol produces ____ feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

positive

65
Q

in the late follicular phase, ___ produces negative feedback on anterior pituitary

A

inhibin

66
Q

GnRH is released by ____, in a pulsatile manner

A

tonic center

67
Q

fx of surge center for ovulation in F

A

release high GnRH –> high LH pulse

68
Q

theca cells bind LH and produce

A

androgens

69
Q

granulosa cells bind FSH and produce ___ from androgens

A

estrogens

70
Q

negative feedback relationship between prolactin and ____

A

dopamine

71
Q

what causes meiosis I to continue in the oocyte until stopping again at meiosis II

A

LH peak

72
Q

the dominant follicle is maintained by

A

inhibin release
higher expression of FSH receptors

73
Q

LH blocks the production of

A

oocyte inhibiting factor
luteinizing inhibiting factor

74
Q

luteolysis is mediated by

A

PGF2a

75
Q

___ stimulates PGF2a secretion

A

oxytocin

76
Q

48h after the end of luteal phase until estrus

A

proestrus

77
Q

period of sexual receptivity

A

estrus

78
Q

initial development of the CL

A

metestrus

79
Q

period of mature phase of CL

A

diestrus

80
Q

hormones important for testis descent

A

insulin 3
androgen

81
Q

this hormone is important for the development of the gubernaculum

A

insulin 3

82
Q

when does testosterone concentrations peak

A

following LH peaks

83
Q

in the M, FSH is produced by

A

sertoli cells

84
Q

in the M, LH is produced by

A

leydig cells

85
Q

___ converts testosterone into estrogen in certain tissues

A

aromatase

86
Q

high amounts of androgens in the seminiferous tubules and epididymis are maintained by

A

testosterone and DHT binding to androgen-binding protein

87
Q

pheromone responsible for boar taint

A

androstenone

88
Q

anabolic steroids have a ___ feedback on gonadotropin release

A

negative

89
Q

role of interstitial tissue in spermatogenesis

A

leydig cells provide testosterone

90
Q

communication with interstitial fluid and germinal pool - where spermatogonia go through mitosis

A

basal compartment

91
Q

space between sertoli cells that communicates with the lumen - spermatocytes go through meiosis and become spermatids, then become spermatozoa

A

adluminal compartment

92
Q

where does sperm maturation occur

A

epididymis

93
Q

signal molecule for erection

A

NO

94
Q

when is conception rate best for a cow

A

insemination 10 h before estrus

95
Q

during sperm capacitation, ____ efflux and removal of glycoproteins from the surface membrane reduces binding affinity to the oviductal epithelium

A

cholesterol

96
Q

directional swimming of sperm is mediated by

A

chemotaxis

97
Q

what kind of receptors do sperm contain for chemotaxis

A

olfactory

98
Q

sperm binding to zona pellucida induces

A

acrosome reaction

99
Q

where does fertilization take place

A

ampullae

100
Q

decreases number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus for suppression of PGF2a release

A

interferon tau

101
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy by

A

interferon tau
chorionic gonadotropin

102
Q

hormones produced by the placenta

A

progesterone
estrogen
relaxin
placental lactogen

103
Q

release of oxytocin during the passage of the fetus through the birth canal

A

ferguson reflex

104
Q

myoepithelial cells respond to oxytocin for

A

milk letdown

105
Q

the udder lacks ___ innervation

A

parasympathetic

106
Q

stimulation of prolactin release is mediated by

A

VIP

107
Q

precursor for de novo synthesis of FA in monogastric species

A

glucose

108
Q

precursor for de novo synthesis of FA in ruminants

A

acetate and butyrate

109
Q

lactose is synthesized in the

A

golgi

110
Q

increase in ___ is stimulatory for avian reproduction

A

light

111
Q

in birds, F1 preovulatory follicle is maintained by

A

progesterone

112
Q

in birds, small ovarian follicles are maintained by

A

androgens and estrogens

113
Q

binding and saturation of ____ is needed for transport of yolk components

A

gallus gallus basement membrane protein

114
Q

LH surge in birds is induced by

A

progesterone

115
Q

transport of oocyte down oviduct

A

infundibulum

116
Q

formation of the albumin takes place in

A

magnum

117
Q

formation of the outer and inner shell membranes takes place in

A

isthmus

118
Q

formation of shell takes place in

A

shell gland

physiology II (4 decks)

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