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physiology II > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the accessory organs of the digestive system are

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
pancreas

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2
Q

first act of digestion

A

mastication

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3
Q

first motility pattern of the GIT

A

deglutition

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4
Q

time in dogs for food to go from oral cavity to stomach

A

4-5 s

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5
Q

oropharyngeal dysphagia due to

A

malfunction of pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter

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6
Q

esophageal dysphagia due to

A

malfunction of esophagus

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7
Q

regulatory center of energy homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

hunger center

A

paraventricular nucleus; lateral hypothalamus

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9
Q

satiety center

A

ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

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10
Q

hunger stimulatory hypothalamic hormones

A

neuropeptide Y (NPY)
orexin

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11
Q

hunger inhibitory hypothalamic hormone

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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12
Q

hunger stimulatory non-hypothalamic hormone

A

ghrelin

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13
Q

hunger inhibitory non-hypothalamic hormones

A

cholecystokinin (CKK)
peptide YY (PYY)
leptin
insulin

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14
Q

the major salivary glands are

A

parotid
mandibular
sublingual

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15
Q

which parasympathetic nerves regulate saliva secretion

A

facial n.
glossopharyngeal n.

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16
Q

contraction of myoepithelial cells to inc saliva secretion is stimulated by acetylcholine reaching ___ receptor

A

M3

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17
Q

by the sympathetic system, the ___ regulate saliva secretion

A

3 first thoracal segments

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18
Q

to stimulate saliva secretion, epinephrine and norepinephrine reach ___ receptors

A

a1

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19
Q

5 main GI hormones

A

secretin
gastrin
CCK
GIP
motilin

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20
Q

which hormone:
stimulates HCO3-
inhibits acid secretion

A

secretin

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21
Q

what are secretin’s stimuli

A

acid
fat
protein

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22
Q

which hormone:
stimulates acid secretion

A

gastrin

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23
Q

what are gastrin’s stimuli

A

protein
high pH

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24
Q

which hormone:
stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction

A

CCK

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25
Q

what are CCK’s stimuli

A

fats
proteins

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26
Q

which hormone:
stimulates insulin secretion
inhibits gastric secretion

A

GIP

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27
Q

what are GIP’s stimuli

A

fats
glucose

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28
Q

which hormone:
induction of intestinal motility during fasting

A

motilin

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29
Q

what is motilin’s stimuli

A

acetylcholine

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30
Q

what parietal cell secretion is essential for vit. B12 absorption

A

intrinsic factor

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31
Q

enteroendocrine G cells secrete

A

gastrin

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32
Q

enteroendocrine D cells secrete

A

somatostatin

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33
Q

enteroendocrine I cells secrete

A

CCK

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34
Q

HCl stimulatory substances

A

gastrin
histamine
acetylcholine

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35
Q

HCl inhibitory substance

A

somatostatin

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36
Q

which cranial nerve regulates HCl secretion

A

vagus n.

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37
Q

neural regulation of HCl is mediated by

A

acetylcholine

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38
Q

hormonal regulation of HCl is mediated by

A

gastrin
somatostatin

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39
Q

paracrine regulation of HCl is mediated by

A

histamine

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40
Q

neural stimulation of gastric enzymes by

A

acetylcholine
noradrenalin

41
Q

hormonal stimulation of gastric enzymes by

A

secretin
CCK

42
Q

mucus secretion is stimulated by acetylcholine and ____, which can be blocked by NSAIDs

A

prostaglandin E

43
Q

during which phase are gastric secretions stimulated before food enters the stomach

A

cephalic

44
Q

during which phase are gastric secretions stimulated by the vagovagal reflex from the stomach

A

gastric

45
Q

during which phase are gastric secretions stimulated by food entering the duodenum

A

intestinal

46
Q

paneth cells of the small intestine secrete

A

antimicrobial enzymes and peptides

47
Q

enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine secrete

A

CCK, secretin, GIP

48
Q

Brunner’s glands function to neutralize the acidic chyme to protect the small intestine mucosa; they also secrete ____

A

glycoproteins and HCO3-

49
Q

functions of the liver include:
- carb metabolism
- amino acid/protein metabolism
- lipid metabolism
- storage
- synthesis/secretion of bile acids and bile
- biotransformation
- ______
- synthesis of components of the immune system

A

synthesis of hormones and mediators

50
Q

plasma proteins synthesized by the liver include:
- albumins
- glycoproteins
- nonimmune a and b globulins
- complement factors
- ______
- coagulation factors
- lipoproteins

A

prothrombin and fibrinogen

51
Q

which hormone produced by the liver is a prohormone resulting in angiotensin

A

angiotensinogen

52
Q

which hormone produced by the liver is a growth factor

A

thrombopoietin

53
Q

which hormone produced by the liver is produced in response to growth hormone

A

insulin like growth factor

54
Q

which hormone produced by the liver works for iron homeostasis

A

hepcidin

55
Q

what enzyme is important for drug metabolism

A

cytochrome p450

56
Q

the gallbladder concentrates the bile through

A

electrolyte and water reabsorption

57
Q

bile acids are synthesized from

A

cholesterol

58
Q

inc AA and FA in the duodenum after a meal stimulates secretion of ____, which contracts the sm. m. of the gallbladder and relaxes the sphincter of oddi, leading to bile secretion

A

CCK

59
Q

which protease once activated in the intestine, can activate the other zymogens

A

trypsin

60
Q

pancreatic cells have receptors for

A

Ach, CCK, secretin

61
Q

what is released during the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion

A

Ach

62
Q

what is released during the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion

A

Ach

63
Q

what is released during the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion

A

secretin and CCK

64
Q

Ach and CCK stimulate the secretion of

A

enzyme and Cl rich fluid

65
Q

secretin stimulates the secretion of

A

HCO3- rich fluid

66
Q

insufficient production of digestive enzymes by the exocrine pancreas

A

pancreatic insufficiency

67
Q

destroyed pancreatic acini due to autodigestion and replacement with connective tissue

A

pancreatitis

68
Q

absorption of carbs is mediated by which Na-dependent transporter

A

SGLT1

69
Q

GLUT5 and GLUT2 are req. for CHO absorption into the epithelial cell and blood, they are what type of transport

A

facilitated transport

70
Q

why is emulsification of lipids important for their digestion

A

reduces the surface area allowing for binding of lipases

71
Q

monoglycerides, FFA, cholesterol and liposoluble vitamins will form ____ to pass through the brush border

A

mixed micelles

72
Q

where does the majority of water absorption take place

A

small intestine

73
Q

how is Cl absorbed

A

by carriers and passes thru the paracellular pathway

74
Q

how is K absorbed

A

in the sm. intestine thru the paracellular pathway

75
Q

which vitamin D hormone is required for calcium absorption

A

calcitriol

76
Q

how is Mg absorbed

A

Mg channels and paracellularly through tight junction holes

77
Q

how is phosphate absorbed

A

through Na/Phosphate symporter

78
Q

during the absorptive phase of digestion, ___ is released

A

insulin

79
Q

during the post absorptive phase of digestion, ____ is released

A

glucagon

80
Q

glucose transport into cells is mediated by insulin-induced ____

A

GLUT

81
Q

what happens to pyruvate formed during glycolysis

A

ETC or fermentation to produce lactate

82
Q

role of oxygen in the TCA

A

delivers reduced NADH and FADH2

83
Q

role of oxygen in the ETC

A

bind to the protons to produce water - prevents free electrons in the mitochondria

84
Q

production of glucose from non-sugar molecules such as amino acids, lactate and glycerol; occurs during a prolonged fast when hepatic stores are depleted

A

gluconeogenesis

85
Q

important tissues for gluconeogenesis

A

liver and kidney

86
Q

important substrates for gluconeogenesis

A

glycerol - glycerol phosphate
lactate - pyruvate
amino acids - oxaloacetate

87
Q

main stores of glycogen

A

liver and skeletal muscle

88
Q

pentose phosphate cycle utilizes ____ (no ATP) to produce ribose for nucleic acid

A

NADPH

89
Q

NADPH is consumed by what 4 processes

A

fatty acid synthesis
steroid synthesis
drug metabolism
generation of superoxide in phagocytes

90
Q

functions of NADPH

A

source of electrons
carry electrons to ETC
reducing enzyme cytochrome P450
respiratory burst in phagocytic cells
synthesis of NO

91
Q

short and medium chain FA bind to ___, and travel through the portal system before reaching the liver

A

albumin

92
Q

hormone precursor for fatty acids

A

prostaglandins

93
Q

during a prolonged fast, ketone bodies are the result of excess acetyl CoA in the liver, which occurs from a reverse TCA step where oxaloacetate converts to ___

A

malate

94
Q

where are most absorbed amino acids sent

A

urea

95
Q

produce TCA intermediates and can enter the TCA yielding oxaloacetate

A

glucogenic amino acids

96
Q

source of energy in muscle cells, after deamination are converted into a-ketoacids and can enter the TCA

A

branch chain amino acids

97
Q

amino acid from BCAA metabolism that is used by the liver for gluconeogenesis

A

alanine

98
Q

the formation of urea in the liver serves as a way to eliminate ___

A

ammonia

physiology II (4 decks)

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