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Clinical > Final: methods and order of examinations > Flashcards

Final: methods and order of examinations Flashcards

1
Q

Skin examination

A
  • Inspection: intactness, color
  • Palpation: pain, intactness, turgor, pull out hair/feathers, greasiness, thickness, elasticity,
  • Smelling: greasy = bad smell
  • Additional: Skin scraping, otoscopic, cytology, biopsy, blood and special; immunology and histopath.
  • Order: hair and coat, skin, ext. ear canal, planum nasale and foot pads, cutaneus appendages (nails, claws, hoofs, horns), perianal and circumanal glands, paraproctal glands
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2
Q

Hair examination

A
  1. Density -> alopecia/hypo-/hypertrichosis/prim/sec hair loss
  2. Colour -> hormonal/alopecia arrabiata
  3. Gloss
  4. Closure
  5. Occurance of loose hairs -> pullatability
  6. Stiffness
  7. Localization of abnormalities
  8. Ext. parasites
    - Accessory: foot pads, nasal plane, cutaneus appendages, perianal and circumanal glands
    - External ear: otoscopy, lab exam. (microscopy, microbiology)
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3
Q

Exam. of epidermis, color, smell, temp.

A
  • Epidermis: intactness, hyperkeratosis (esp. nasal plane and foot pads)
  • Color: albinism, loss of pigmentation, haemorrhages
  • Smell: sex pheromones, apocrine/sebaceous glands, NH4 (uraemia), acetone (DM), greasy hair
  • Temp: depends on density of hair and thickness of skin, not even (rectal temp!)
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4
Q

Thickness, elasticity, greasiness, sensitivity and humidity of skin

A
  • Thickness: dogs: 0.5-5mm, cats: 0.4-2mm
  • Elasticity: turgor (dehydration), collagen and elastic fibers, older
  • Greasiness: palpate+smell, sebaceous glands (incr: seborrhea oleous, decr.: s. sicca)
  • Sensitivity: pruritus, hyperaesthesia, hypoaesthesia
  • Humidity: sweat glands (apocrine/eccrine), sudation, hydrosis, hyperhydrosis
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5
Q

Primary skin lesions

A 
(Many-Poor Poets Pee Near-tunnel, While Violent-bullying Crybabies Puke)
-Macules, Patches
-Papules
-Plaques
-Nodules, Tubers
-Wheals
-Vesicles, bullae
-Cysts
-Pustules
(+Angiodema, Tumor, Abscess)
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6
Q

Primary or secondary skin lesions

A

(Apes steal cute cats, for chilling, and picking)

  • Alopecia
  • Scars
  • Crusts
  • Comedo
  • Follicular casts
  • Abnormal pigmentation
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7
Q

Secondary skin lesions

A

(Exotic catwoman, eloped unemotionally, since freaky, lovers charmed naughtily)

  • Epidermal collarettes
  • Excoriations
  • Ulcers
  • Scars, fissures
  • Lichenifications
  • Callus
  • Necrosis
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8
Q

Swelling of the skin

A
  • Oedema: fluid under skin - inflammation/stagnation/hydraemica
  • Emphysema: gas under skin (subcut.) - lung condition
  • Haematoma: blood under skin (subdermal) - often trauma
  • Tumor: localization, number, size, temp, pain, consistency, percussion, content
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9
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • Methods: inspection, palpation
  • Additional methods: FNA, biopsy, excision, extirpation, x-ray, US, CT, sounding
  • Location, number, size, shape, consistency, structure, pain, movability, surface, skin above (temp, elasticity, intactness), symmetry
  • Carnivores: mandibular, subscapular, popliteal (only enlarged: retropharyngeal, parotid, axillary, supf. inguinal, mesenteric)
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10
Q

Mucous membranes

A
  • Oral, nasal, conjunctiva, anal, genital
  • Colour, moisture, vessel, CRT, surface
  • Methods: inspection, palpation, (smelling)
  • Additional methods: endoscopy, US, x-ray, contrast x-ray, discharge: quantity, quality, microbiological
  • Discharge: uni-/bilateral, how much, color, consistency, smell
  • Abnormal:
    1. Colour: pale=anaemic, yellow=icterus (lemon=haemolytic, orange=non-haemolytic), red=hyperaemic (cherry-red=CO-toxicosis, dirty-red: endotoxaemia), chocolate-brown: methHg., grey/purple/blue (cyanotic/hypoxia: full bloodvessels, livid: empty blood vessel)
    2. Moisture: dry/sticky: dehydration, excess: discharge
    3. Blood vessels: haemorrhages, petechia, suffusions
    3. Surface: lesions (erosions, ulcers, nodules, masses), smoothness: swellings=inflammation
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11
Q

Nose and the paranasal sinuses. Nasal discharge, breath, respiratory sounds around the nostrils.

A
  • Methods: inspection, palpation, percussion, smelling, auscultation
  • Additional methods: discharge: lab-tests, biopsy, endoscopy, diagn. punction, x-ray, rhinotomy, CT, MRI
  • Exam: shape/form, stridor, expired air, discharge, nasal plane, nostrils+mm, palate+nasopharynx, paranasal+frontal sinuses
  • Resp.sounds:
  • Stridor: nasal=sniffing, laryngeal=snoring, pharyngeal=sawing, collapsed trachea=expir. tooting/honking, paralysed larynx=insp. stridor, narrowed airways=mixed
  • Sneezing: dogs+horses=usually normal, cats=rhinotracheitis, rabbits=rhinitis
  • Snoring
  • Reversed sneezing
  • Singultation (hiccups)
  • Purring (cats), panting (dogs)
  • Pain sound: growling, howling, shrieking,
  • Alterated voice (rabies) / voiceless
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12
Q

Coughing, cough induction

A
  • Exam:
  • Origin: spontaenous/stimulated
  • Frequency
  • Strength
  • Tone
  • Occuranse: morning/night etc.
  • Duration
  • Secretion content: wet/med. wet/dry
  • Pain
  • Deepness: supf/deep
  • Location of origin: larynx (periodical, heavy, gagging, vomit), trachea: tracheitis (load, explosive, barking)/collapse (expir., goose honking), bronchi: acute(like tracheitis)/chronic (mucous, pus, wet, rough), emphysema (short, weak, dry), pneumonia (soft), cardiac disease (wet, hacking)
  • Quality of sputum
  • Induction: pressing tracheal rings/tracha rapidly during expir.
  • Medium held, unsnapping, med. intensive, med. deep, dry, sharp, painless, not reoccuring
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13
Q

Larynx and trachea

A

LARYNX:
-External:
1.Inspection: skin, symmetry, swellings, deformities
2.Palpation: form, outline, muscles, surface, abnormal masses, temp, pain, compression/press sensitivity of arytentoids, fremitus
3.Auscultation: norm. weak stridor during exp./insp.
-Internal: inspection: epiglottis, nasopharynx, movements of arytenoids, rima glottidis, muc.mem., tonsillaes
-Further methods: x-ray, endoscopy/laryngoscopy
TRACHEA:
-External:
1.Inspection
2.Palpation
3.Auscultation
-Further methods: x-ray, endoscopy/tracheoscopy, tracheal fluid sample (endoscopy, transtracheal aspiration), +analysis: quality, cytology, bact., viro., muco., parasit.

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14
Q

Ear

A
  • Position of head and external ears
  • Shape
  • Skin on ear pinna and external ear canal
  • Otoscopy: look inside, wax, drum - tympanic membrane intactness
  • Lab. exam: microscopy, microbiology
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15
Q

Thorax

A
  1. Inspection: skin, size, shape, bilat. symmetry, local deformities
  2. Palpation: temp., fremitus, painfullness, deformities
  3. Auscultation
  4. Percussion
  5. Additional: X-ray, US, CT, MRI, scintigraphy, bronchial fluid sample+analysis, thoracocentesis, biopsy, thoracotomy, lung function test, blood count, acid-base analysis
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16
Q

Respiration

A
  • (Fordi rike typer dealer)
    1. Frequency
    • Incr.: polypnea/tachypnea
    • Decr.: oligopnea/bradypnea
      2. Rhytm: periodi rhytmical insp+exp.
    • Abnorm.: held insp., held exp., shorter insp/exp., asymmetrical, intermittent
      3. Type: costoabdominal in dogs+cats
    • Abnormal: costal/abdominal
      4. Depth: med. deep
    • Abnormal: shallow/deep
17
Q

Male genital tract

A

-Scrotum: skin, surface, temp., pain, content (hernia)
-Testis: location, size, shape, surface, structure, symmetry, consistency, pain, movability
-Perineum: inspection+palpation
-Penis+prepuce:
1. Inspection:
-Penis: shape, size, mucosa, pain, consistency
-Prepruce: size of orifice, discharge, mucosa, skin
2.Palpation: draw prepuce back to examine MM and urethral opening
3.Cathetherisation
-Prostate gland: palpation: abdominal and rectal
size, shape, surface, symmetry, consistency, structure, pain, movability
-Additional: US, X-ray, urinalysis, prostatic fluid, semen, cytology, biopsy

18
Q

Female genital tract

A
  • Vulva/perivulvar area: skin, size, shape, discharge, vulvar opening, mucosa
  • Vagina/vestibulum: mucosa, surface, consistency, pain, deformities, presence of foetus/neoplasm
  • Abdomen/uterus+ovaries: only palp. when enlarged
  • Mammary glands: location, size, shape, skin, temp., pain, structure, deformities, milk
  • Additional: Blood; CBC+biochem, vagina smear-cytology, discharge/milk-microbiology, hormones; oestrogen+progesterone, US; ovaries+uterus, radiography, vaginoscopy
19
Q

Bones

A
  • Inspection: size, shape
  • Palpation: firmness, shape, surface, skin above (intactness, temp), pain, abnormal movements, symmetry
  • Additional: radiography, CT, lab. (metabolic, osteolysis, inflam. markers, sepsis), histopath., microbio., rectal palp. (pelvis)
20
Q

Joints

A
  • Inspection: shape, size, skin, symmetry, axis (varus/valgus),
  • Palpation: consistency, temp., pain,
  • Range of motion
  • Additional: radiography, CT/MRI, lab. (inflam. markers, sepsis, serology), arthroscentesis, arthroscopy, joint fluid analysis
21
Q

Muscles

A
  • Inspection: shape, volume, symmetry, fibrillar contractions/tics/clonus
  • Palpation: consistency, pain, temp., lumps/masses, tone
  • Additional: US, MRI, lab. (metabolic-Ca/Mg, inflam. markers), biopsy, serology, functional test-electromyography
22
Q

Neurological

A
  • History
  • General impression
  • Physical exam:
    1. Inspection: standing/moving
    2. Palpation: postural reactions, reflexes, sensitivity of skin+MM
    3. Pain perception: manipulation, percussion
  • Additional: X-ray, EEG, CT, MRI, lab. (CSF, CBC/biochem., pathogens),
23
Q

Skull and vertebral column

A
  1. Inspection:
    - Head position: lateral turn, head tilt, opisthotonus
    - Body position: abnormally curved; kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
  2. Palpation:
    - Head: shape, symmetry, movability, pain, ears
    - Vertebra: abnormal form/position, sensitivity
  3. Additional: x-ray, EEG, CT, MRI, lab. (CSF, CBC/biochem., pathogens)

Clinical (8 decks)

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