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Computer test Flashcards

1
Q

What is M-mode in echocardiography?

A

Uni-directional M-mode echocardiography (M:motion): Used for the measurement of the left ventricle.

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2
Q

What species can the enlarged liver be observed in deep palpation (Mc)

A

Dog and cat: palpable digestive organs: (stomach), liver, intestinal tract, (lnn, pancreas)

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3
Q

pick the parameters for ln inspection (Mc)

A

location, how many nodes

  1. Size
  2. Shape
  3. Consistency
  4. Structure
  5. Painfulness
  6. Movability
  7. Surface
  8. Skin above
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4
Q

parameters for mucous memb (Mc)

A
  1. Color
  2. Moisture
  3. Blood vessels visibility
  4. Surface: lesions, smoothness
  5. CRT
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5
Q

Lung borders of…

  1. Cow
  2. Horse
  3. Ca
  4. Su
A

back mm - tub.coxae - tub.ischiadicum - shoulder

  1. 12 - 11 - - 8 (13 ribs)
  2. 17 - 16 - 14 - 10 (18 ribs)
  3. 12 - 11 - 10 - 8 (13 ribs)
  4. 12 - 11 - 9-10 - 7-8 (14 ribs)
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6
Q

what does kyphosis mean (sc)

A

Forward abnormal rounding of the back

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7
Q

what sound can be heard below the horizontal line in pleural effusion (sc)

A

Absolute (complete) dullness (horizontal dorsal border)

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8
Q

What is not part of the nationale?

A

History

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9
Q

Abomasal displacement

A

 Often does not eat –> No ruminal function.
 Due to gas.
 Auscultation –> Tinkling sound.
 Auscultation with ballottement –> Splashing sound
 Auscultation with percussion –> Metallic sound (steel-band effect)
 Left-sided -> 90% of cases
 Right-sided -> 10 % of cases

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10
Q

When to take an ECG:

A

 Irregular heartbeats noted during physical exercise. Bradycardia, tachycardia, etc.
 Exact diagnosis and evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias
 Detect enlarged cardiac chambers (Echocardiography better)
 Show cardiac disturbances of electrolytes and systemic diseases
 Aid cardiac diseases diagnosis
 Monitor anaesthesia
 Evaluate effectiveness of cardiac drugs (Digitalis glycosides, etc.)

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11
Q

Horse cough

A

Press larynx with 1 or 2 hands OR press tracheal rings 1-3 near larynx.
Do not cough spontaneously. Difficult to stimulate.
Intensive, sharp, high, short, dry, painless, snapping, does not recur.

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12
Q

Principles of Mareks’ sound percussion

A
  1. Crackling sound of tapping the hammer and plessimeter.
  2. Sound of thoracic wall OR wall of any organ.
  3. Lung -> Gas -> Resonance (or any other gas-filled organ)
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13
Q

Secondary gastric content of horse? (SC)

A
  • greenish fluid
  • pH 8
  • min. 7 litre
  • acidic odour
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14
Q

Which exam to auscultate right abdomen? (Mc)

A

?

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15
Q

Proprioceptive test ? (Mc)

A 
• wheelbarrowing test 
• hopping tests
 -> on one leg
 -> hemihopping
• correction test (knuckling-over test)
• tactile and optical placing reactions
• extensor postural thrust reaction 
Reflexes:
• thoraci climb reflexes:
-> extensor carpi radialis reflex (important) 
-> triceps reflex
-> biceps reflex
• pelvic limb reflexes
- patellar (quadriceps) reflex (most important) - Achilles (gastrocnemius) reflex
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16
Q

Nociceptive test ? (Mc)

A
  • anal/perineal reflex
  • panniculus reflex
  • flexor (withdrawal) reflexes of limbs
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17
Q

In which species can you palpate spleen only if enlarged?

A

Dog, cat, swine

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18
Q

Description heart murmur grade 5

A

Very loud murmur with precordial thrill
Other:
I: Very soft murmur, heard only after a few seconds in a quiet room
II: Soft murmur but easily heard directly upon auscultation
III: Moderate-intensity murmur with good audibility
IV: Load murmur, very good audibility, but without precordial thrill
V: Very loud murmur with precordial thrill
VI: Loudest murmur, even audible with stethoscope lifted from the chest wall

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19
Q

Diernhofer triangle description (Mc)

Borders and for what purposes

A

An air-containing lung lobe between the diaphragm and the caudal border of the heart (arrow).
In this area, the percussion sound of the thorax is normal in healthy animals and the Diernhofer triangle can be detected even in the case of cardiac enlargement.

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20
Q

Skin lesions connected (Mc)

A

Bulla and vesicle, excoriation and erosion

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21
Q

Rectal palpation findings of prostate, choose the correct ones (Mc)

A

Location, size, shape, structure, surface, painfulness, symmetry, movability, consistency
–> hyperplasia, tumor, abscess, cyst

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22
Q

Examination methods for abomasal displacement (Mc)

A

 Auscultation –> Tinkling sound.
LDA:
 Auscultation with ballottement –> Splashing sound
 Auscultation with percussion –> Metallic sound

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23
Q

Caudal shift of lung borders because of?

A

Rao (copd)

Alveolar or interstitial lung emphysema

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24
Q

Pupillary light reaction tests

A

Optic n. and Oculomotor n. and vegetative nervous system

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25
Q

Centre of panniculus reflex?

A

C7-Th1

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26
Q

Which are not the indications for a GI endoscope:
 Ascites
 Tenesmus
 Haematochezia

A

 Ascites

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27
Q

What type of stones can be seen with an ultrasound?

A

All types

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28
Q

Pre-cordial thrill (fremitus)

A

Pathological. Grade 5 murmur - Very loud murmur with pre-cordial thrill.

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29
Q

Define ataxia

A

Inco-ordination of posture and movement. Lack of co-ordination in muscle function without muscular
weakness. The CNS is involved, NOT the peripheral nerves.

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30
Q

How many hours must you leave after eating, in order to avoid post-prandial lipeamia?

A

12 hours

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31
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

Loss of sympathetic innervation results in

  1. Myosis
  2. Ptosis (drooping or falling of upper eye lid)
  3. Enopthalamus (and prolapse of the third eyelid)
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32
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary movement of eyeballs

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33
Q

What organs can you palpate in physiological case in a cat?

A

Both kidneys palpable. Urinary bladder. Small intestines. Colon (faeces).

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34
Q

Mucous membranes – Colours

A 
Red - Inflammation
Dirty red - Intoxication
Cherry red - CO toxicosis
Chocolate brown - Meth-Hb
Blue - Cyanosis
Yellow - Jaundice
Slight yellowish - Normal in Eq.
Pale whitish - Anaemia
Purple - Peripheral blood vessels full
Grey-purple - Peripheral blood vessels empty
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35
Q

Heart palpation

A

Between the 3rd and 6th ic space.

All species on both sides except Cattle, goat, sheep, pig - Only on the left.

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36
Q

Indications for skin biopsy

A

 Hereditary skin diseases
 Auto-immune diseases
 Neoplasms

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37
Q 
Checking the bone marrow, what is not performed?
 Cytology
 CBC
 Biopsy
 US
 Abdominal US
 X-ray
A

Functional disturbances may be indicated by altered appearance/function of other organs (mucous membranes, lymph nodes)
 ONLY additional methods:  CBC (complete blood count)  Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
& cytology of lymph nodes
 Bone marrow asp. citology (biopsy)

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38
Q

Lymph nodes felt in physiological case in Cattle:

A
  1. Mandibular ln.
  2. Praescpaular ln.
  3. Superficial inguinal ln.
    a. Sub-iliac lnn. (in lower third between tuber coxae and flank fold)
    b. Mammary lnn.
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39
Q

Which is not a kidney evaluation parameter?

A

Creatinine kinase

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40
Q

True kidney statements

A

Acute nephritis - Enlarged, painful.

Chronic nephritis - Smaller

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41
Q

Ancillary methods to test muscles

A 
 EMG (elektromyographia)
 Biopsy
 US
 CT
 MRI
 Blood examination: enzymes: CK, LDH, AST and ALT (myocyte injury), Ca++, Mg++
 CBC
 Serum biochemistry
 Urinalysis
 Serology: Neosporosis, Toxoplasmosis
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42
Q

What can be heard in the upper region in the case of hydrothorax?

A

Absolute (complete) dullness - Dog, Horse

Relative dullness - Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Swine

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43
Q

Dog – Heart apex

A

Apex beat in the dog and cat is over the edge of the sternum.
Left ic: 3-6 Right ic: 3-5

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44
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Heparin. Added to plasma before centrifugation.

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45
Q

How to examine the spleen?

A

Palpation, percussion, rectal examination.

Additional: CBC, US, radiography, FNA/biopsy

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46
Q

Define vesicle

A

Circumscribed elevation filled with fluid (>1cm = bulla, blister). Often viral or auto-immune origin.
Skin lesion less than 1cm and filled with clear fluid.

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47
Q

Thorax - Normal percussion sound

A

Small animals: Sharp, high or low, sonorous (resonant) and long percussion sound.
Large animals: Sharp, low, non-sonorous, non-resonant and short percussion sound.

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48
Q

Symptoms of a generalised seizure

A

Diffused origin within cortex, thalamus, brainstem –> So all muscles effected
‘general’ symptoms seen: excitation or loss of consciousness.

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49
Q

Bone clinical examination

A

Physical examination: General inspection, palpation (pain, consistency, crepitation), percussion.

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50
Q

Why do we use Valsalva probe?

A

Rubbing of pleural surfaces - Pleural, Pleuro-perocardial, Pericardial

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51
Q

What clinical signs are seen in case of pericardial effusion?

A

Elevation of the caudo-ventral border - Increase of cardiac dullness (enlargement)

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52
Q

Expired air standpoints

A

 Odour
 Strength
 Temperature
 Symmetry

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53
Q

Percussion sound standpoints

A 
 Volume/Loudness
 Pitch/Frequency
 Tone/Resonance
 Duration
 Special sounds
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54
Q

What do you test with BMBT?

A

Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Test - Capillary refill time (<2secs). Also, tests platelet function.

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55
Q

Most important way to examine the urinary tract?

A

Inspection, abdominal palpation

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56
Q

What is not true about upper airway?

A
  • Narrowing of the upper airway occurs mostly in held expiration.
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57
Q

Sign of UMN disease

A

Hyperactive reflexes. Increased tone.

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58
Q

Adrenals glands examination

A

 CBC (stress leukogram)
 Biochemistry (ALP, SIALP, NA/L ratio)
 ACTH stimulation test, LDDS test
 US, CT

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59
Q

Pericardial tamponade in Cow. Signs:

A

 Pulse changes with respiration

 Positive venous stasis test -> No emptying below the compression point

60
Q

Lab test performed if suspecting bone illness in Horse?

A 
 Ca, P, ALKP (increased osteoclast activity), PTH, PTH-related protein, vit.D metabolites
 Haematology – Acute osteomyelitis
 Biopsy, Histopathology
 Cytology, Fluids, Exudates
 Microbiology
61
Q

What to check when suspecting locomotion problems?

A

 History
 Physical examination
 General impression -> Observation of the standing , moving and recumbent animal
 Inspection, palpation, percussion of the given organ -> Functional unit of BAM
 Compare symmetrical parts of the body -> Differentiate musculoskeletal signs of systemic diseases
 Further examinations: Rectal palpation, X-ray, CT, MRI, Arthroscopy, US, EMG (Electromyography), Scintigraphy = Nuclear imaging, Biopsy, Aspiration cytology, CBC, Serum
biochemistry, Serology

62
Q

Different % of abdominal organs in Ruminants

A

Calf -> Reticulum small -> Rumen is 50 of abomasum
Cow:
-Rumen: 80% on LEFT LHS
-Reticulum: 50% in middle of abdomen and to the Left 6-9
ICS near xiphoid process
-Omasum: 7-8% on RIGHT RHS and ventral -> Difficult to reach 6-9 ICS
-Abomasum: 8% in contact with abdominal wall - On ventral part of abdomen

63
Q

What is true about endoscopy?

A

 Animals must have corrected condition in order to perform the endoscopy
 Lateral recumbency needed - Small animals
 Can be done in awake animals - Horses

64
Q

Pulse measurement

A
  • Horse: Facial a., Transverse facial a., Brachial a. (Median a.), Common digital palmar a.
  • Cow: Facial a., Transverse facial a., Coccygeal a., Greater auricular a.
  • Small ruminants, Dog, Cat: Femoral a.
65
Q

(?) Which uroliths can be visualised on an X-ray:

A

Both

Organic and Inorganic

66
Q

General impression

A
  1. Body size
  2. Body shape and development state
  3. Nutritional condition
  4. General condition, grooming
  5. Consciousness and behaviour
  6. Posture
  7. Locomotion
  8. Obvious abnormalities
67
Q

Lymph nodes of the Horse

A 
Palpable:
 Mandibular ln.
 Superficial inguinal lnn.
Palpable only when pathologically enlarged:
 Lateral retropharyngeal lnn.
 Praescapular lnn.
Rectal palpation:
 Iliosacral lnn.
 Mesenteric lnn.
68
Q

Slap test

A

Slap test on arytenoids -> N. vagus recurrens

69
Q

Which is true about horse esophagus?

A

Horse – Sharp angle of oesophagus to stomach

70
Q

What is true about the horse?

A 
 Stomach does not touch wall.
 Right dorsal colon attached.
 Left colon is free.
 Long soft palate
 Acute angle of oesophagus into stomach
71
Q

How is the epidermal collaret formed?

A

Epidermal collaret -> Bacterial folliculitis -> Circular rim of ruptured vesicle or bulla
A special type of scale arranged in a circular rim of loos keratin flakes or peeling keratin. It represents the remnants of the roof of a vesicle, bulla, pustule, or papule or the hyperkeratosis caused by a point source of inflammation as seen with papules and pustules.

72
Q

Reasons why there might be bleeding from the penis

A

Blood dripping from penis, but clear urine, Injury to penis e.g. wound or a prostate problem.

73
Q

Examination of the prostate gland:

A 
 Palpation  Abdominal / Rectal-digital
 Visualisation  X-ray, US
 Urinalysis
 Examination of prostatic fluid  Prostatic massage
 Examination of semen
 Cytology, biopsy
74
Q

Which species has physiological palpable ovaries?

A

Ruminants

Horse

75
Q

Respiratory sounds

A

Stronger in dog

Bronchial -> ‘H’ sound during ex- / ins-piration -> Normal in the trachea. Abnormal in the thorax.

76
Q

What can the mucous membrane look like if there is cardiac failure?

A

 Cyanotic
 Livid
 Pale, whitish

77
Q

How to do a skin biopsy?

A

Scalpel blade or biopsy punch -> Especially for tumours, auto-immune dermatopathies -> But not with allergies.

78
Q

Which is the most important part of urinary diagnostics?

A

Laboratory examinations of urine and blood

79
Q

What cannot be palpated in the rectal exam of a healthy horse?

A

 Right kidney
 Stomach
 Liver

80
Q

Symptoms of vestibular ataxia

A

Peripheral : Vestibulocochlear n. -> Balance etc. -> Often see head tilt and turning -> Horizontal nystagmus
Central: Head tilt -> Horizontal nystagmus

81
Q

Tests for muscle function

A

Examine relaxed animal, standing and lateral recumbency.

82
Q

In which species can’t you palpate the heart on the right side?

A

 Ruminants

 Pigs

83
Q

In which species can you feel the heart on the right side?

A

 Cat
 Dog
 Horse
 Rabbit

84
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the Panniculus reflex?

A

Touching the skin along the neck and trunk, with a pointy tool. There can be hyper- or hypo-sensitivity.

Afferent -> Spinal segments, centre: C7-T1
Efferent -> m. cutaneous trunci

85
Q

What is incorrect about sampling of a spinal cord?

A

Blood sample

86
Q

What is part of the consciousness?

A 
 Mental status
 Behaviour
 Aware of the surroundings and has ability to learn and remember
 Reactions to environmental stimuli
 Normally alert and attentive
87
Q

Pathological behaviour

A

Auto-mutilation

88
Q

What can be examined on the teeth?

A

Number, shape, occlusion/closure, surface, colour, tartar (plaque/cremor/calculus), pain, movability, percussion sound

89
Q

Arterial palpation

A 
 Rhythm
 Symmetric
 Rate
 Quality 
 Size, strength, duration of pulse wave, and fullness of artery
90
Q

Steps of inspection of the thorax

A
  1. Inspection: skin, size, shape, bilateral symmetry and local deformities
  2. Palpation: temp., fremitus, painfullness, deformities
  3. Percussion
  4. Auscultation
  5. Further examinations: X-ray, US, endoscopy, BAL, thoracocentesis, biopsy, CT, MRI, thoracotomy, lung function testing, blood count, acid base analysis
91
Q

Signs of a damaged trigeminal nerve?

A

 Sagging lower jaw
 Trismus
 Tic

92
Q

Nerves involved in the perineal and anal reflex

A

Afferent -> Pudendal n.

Efferent -> Pudendal n. Caudal rectal n.

93
Q

Pancreas exam.

A

Check amylase and lipase biochemical parameters.

94
Q

What to check on the nasal plane?

A 
 Moisture content 
 Sweat glands present
 Surface 
 Intactness
 Colour -> Pigmentation, decolourisation
95
Q

Cause of iron deficiency anaemia

A

GI bleeding

96
Q

Where does the nasal discharge come out from, when it originates from the guttural pouch?

A

Guttural pouch disease -> Bilateral discharge (behind the choanae)

97
Q

Joint’s motion

A

Joints are easily movable according to the given joint’s range of motion. Passive movement is free of pain and no constant crepitation is felt.

98
Q

Pick the true statement about synovial fluid

A

Clear, light-straw in colour, sticky, viscous-feel, strand forming (between fingers / glass slide)

99
Q

Apical beat location

A

Apex beat in the dog and cat -> Left 3-6 and Right 3-5 ics

100
Q

What do you examine with the ‘swinging light test’?

A

Pupil light reflex -> Swinging light test
Optic n. Oculomotor n. Vegetative nervous system
Light in one eye, and both should contract; but one maximally and the other partially.

101
Q

In which species can the uterus be palpated physiologically?

A

Horse

Cattle

102
Q

Which of the following is permanent data of the animal?

A
  1. Species
  2. Breed
  3. Sex
  4. Colour
  5. Colour pattern
  6. Nose or muzzle impression
  7. Blood groups
  8. Marks -> Chestnut, whorl, permanent blemishes or defects
103
Q

What does the mucous membrane in case of hypo-volaemic shock?

A

Livid (more greyish purple)

104
Q

Signs of conscious pain perception in dog?

A
  1. Local -> Skin twitch, leg withdrawal

2. Behavioural -> Crying, biting, turning to the direction of pain

105
Q

Indications for a tracheobronchoscopy?

A

 Acute cough if an inhaled body is suspected
 Chronic cough -> Unknown cause or does not respond to therapy
 Unexplained abnormal breathing pattern / Lung infiltrate
 Tracheal collapse -> Confirmation and staging
 Chronic bronchitis -> Staging and sample collection
 Stridor -> Not explained by larygoscopy evaluation
 Removal of mucoid obstruction in atelectatic lung lobes

106
Q

What is not true for status praesens?

A

 Nutritional status

 History

107
Q 
What is true about the systolic heart murmur in horses:
 Graded 1-3/6
 Localized and brief
 Due to ventricular filling
 Can be heard on the left side of the thorax
 Happens in late systole
 It is crescendo
 Intensity may change with exercise
A

 Graded 1-3/6 - TRUE
 Localized and brief - TRUE
 Due to ventricular filling (FALSE – it is Caused by blood flow in aorta and pulmonary artery)
 Can be heard on the left side of the thorax - TRUE
 Happens in late systole (FALSE - it happens in early-mid systole)
 It is crescendo (FALSE – it is crescendo-decrescendo or decrescendo)
 Intensity may change with exercise - TRUE

108
Q

Describe a systolic and diastolic murmur in the horse

A

Systolic murmur: Blood flows into aorta and pulmonary aorta in early systole.
Diastolic murmur: Ventricular filling. Common in EQ; young horses and thoroughbreds.

109
Q

US of a part of horse’s heart. What parts can you see?

US picture with an artefact. What is the artefact?

A

Comet tail, shadow, reverberating. Should be acoustic shadow

110
Q

CT scan. Choose the correct statement

A

CT – Computed Tomography
 CT is an X-ray tube that rotates around the patient to obtain multiple images that are then relayed to a computer that reconstruct the image.
 Cross-section imaging
 Higher resolution
 Computer reconstructs the image
 Can use iodine OR contrast media -> Accumulate in tumours of CNS
 Esp. useful for brain and structures of head
 Esp. good at showing bony parts of skull and spine

111
Q

Type of exam commonly carried out together with ECG?

A

PhonoCardioGraphy - PCG

112
Q

Angio-edema. Choose the true statement

A

Wheals -> Urticarial lesion -> Flat -> ‘Angioedema’
- Inter-dermal skin test ISDT for hyper-sensitive reactions
- Angioedema -> Swollen face
Huge hive of a distensible region such as lips or eyelids.
Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

113
Q

Methods of neurological examination?

A

 X-ray
 EEG - ElectroEncephalography
 CT – Computed Tomography
 MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging

114
Q

What can be examined by inspection of joints?

A 
 Skin
 Angle
 Swelling
 Deformities
 Symmetry
115
Q

What further exams to do in case of bone disease?

A

 CBC (Complete Blood Count)
 FNA (Fine Needle Aspiration) and biopsy of LN or compete removal
 Bone marrow aspiration. Cytology of bone marrow
Anaemia -> Due to bone marrow suppression. Leukaemia  Enlarged pre-scapular ln

116
Q

What is anisocoria?

A

Unequal pupil size in eyes.

117
Q

Instruments needed for a neurological exam

A
  1. Reflex hammer
  2. Arterial clamp, needle
  3. Penlight
118
Q

Part of rumen with mild tympanic sound

A

Upper 1/3rd

119
Q

B-mode in echocardiography

A

2D

Can show DCM and HCM.

120
Q

AST enzyme

A

Muscle and tendons

121
Q

Rhythmic oscillating muscle twitch

A

Tremor

122
Q

Anti-coagulants

A

 Citrate
 Heparin
 EDTA

123
Q

LMN lesion signs

A

Diminished or absent reflexes

Decreased or absent tone

124
Q

What to check for when you inspect the testes?

A 
 Location
 Size
 Shape
 Structure
 Surface
 Painfulness
 Symmetry
 Movability
 Consistency
-Cryptorchidism -> testes should have descended by 6 months of age 
-Sertoli cell tumour can cause hyper-oestrogenism
125
Q

Pathognomic symptom

A

Specific
Characteristic for a particular disease.
Sign whose presence means that the disease is present without any doubt.

126
Q

18 month-old calf:

A

Full capacity  135-180 liters

127
Q

Dental formula in cat and dog

A

Dog: 3-1-4-2/3-1-4-3
Cat: 3-1-3-1/3-1-2-1

128
Q

Picture of thorax, describe the type of sounds in the marked area

A
  1. Bronchial-like sounds.

2. Normal respiratory sounds.

129
Q

Indications for colonoscopy

A 
 Large bowel diarrhoea
 Haematochezia
 Blood in faeces
 Increased faecal mucosa
 Tenesmus
 Dyschezia -> Pain during defecation
 Palpable rectal masses
130
Q

In what kind of conditions would you hear a stronger heartbeat?

A

 Exercise
 Cardiac hypertrophy
 Dislocation

131
Q

In case of hepatopathy, AST is

A

Useless - AST used only for muscle and tendon lab work.

132
Q

Acoustic impedance

A

= Density of product x Acoustic velocity

133
Q

Papule

A

Small, solid elevation <1cm

134
Q

When is RDW (Red cell Distribution Width) elevated?

A

Regenerative anaemia

135
Q

In dogs, left-sided heart failure can lead to

A

Ascites

136
Q

Cause of epidermal colarette

A

Superifical pyoderma

137
Q

Transient data

A
  1. Age
  2. Body weight
  3. Brand marks
  4. Tattoos
  5. Ear tags
  6. Micro-chip
138
Q

Enlarged P wave

A

Atrial enlargement

139
Q

Uticaria and angio-edema

A

Both are Type 1 hyper-sensitivity reactions.

Usually due to vaccination, blood transfusion, bee stings (high allergic reaction)

140
Q

ECG, asked to calculate the heart rate

A

155

141
Q

What sound is heard during pulmonary odema?

A

Non-musical bronchi - Crepitation and crackling

142
Q

Which part of the rumen is tympanic?

A

Upper 1/3rd  Tympanic

Lower 2/3rd  Dull

143
Q

Signs of reduced mental state

A

 Dementia -> Loss of intelligence. Start eating, but forget hay in mouth.
 Stupor -> Responds only to strong stimuli.
 Indolentia -> Uninterested in surroundings
 Somnolentia -> Drowsy but can be woken
 Delirium -> Un-coridinated
 Coma -> Cannot be woken, loss of conciousness
 Possible indications -> Lead posoning, hydro-cephalus

144
Q

What can be heard in the upper region, in case of hydrothorax?

A

Splashing sound

145
Q

Where does the basic clinical value belong to?

A

Status preasens

146
Q

How to examine if there is free fluid and gas in right abdomen of Ruminants?

A
  1. Inspection: Size, presence and grade of bloat.
  2. Palpation: Ruminal contraction at left flank.
  3. Percussion: Normal: upper 1/3- mild tympanic, ventral 2/3 –dull and in froathy bloat we here moderately tympanic
  4. Auscultation
  5. Additional exams: Rumen fluid, rumenotomy, rectal examination

Clinical (8 decks)

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