Computer test Flashcards
1
Q
What is M-mode in echocardiography?
A
Uni-directional M-mode echocardiography (M:motion): Used for the measurement of the left ventricle.
2
Q
What species can the enlarged liver be observed in deep palpation (Mc)
A
Dog and cat: palpable digestive organs: (stomach), liver, intestinal tract, (lnn, pancreas)
3
Q
pick the parameters for ln inspection (Mc)
A
location, how many nodes
- Size
- Shape
- Consistency
- Structure
- Painfulness
- Movability
- Surface
- Skin above
4
Q
parameters for mucous memb (Mc)
A
- Color
- Moisture
- Blood vessels visibility
- Surface: lesions, smoothness
- CRT
5
Q
Lung borders of…
- Cow
- Horse
- Ca
- Su
A
back mm - tub.coxae - tub.ischiadicum - shoulder
- 12 - 11 - - 8 (13 ribs)
- 17 - 16 - 14 - 10 (18 ribs)
- 12 - 11 - 10 - 8 (13 ribs)
- 12 - 11 - 9-10 - 7-8 (14 ribs)
6
Q
what does kyphosis mean (sc)
A
Forward abnormal rounding of the back
7
Q
what sound can be heard below the horizontal line in pleural effusion (sc)
A
Absolute (complete) dullness (horizontal dorsal border)
8
Q
What is not part of the nationale?
A
History
9
Q
Abomasal displacement
A
Often does not eat –> No ruminal function.
Due to gas.
Auscultation –> Tinkling sound.
Auscultation with ballottement –> Splashing sound
Auscultation with percussion –> Metallic sound (steel-band effect)
Left-sided -> 90% of cases
Right-sided -> 10 % of cases
10
Q
When to take an ECG:
A
Irregular heartbeats noted during physical exercise. Bradycardia, tachycardia, etc.
Exact diagnosis and evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias
Detect enlarged cardiac chambers (Echocardiography better)
Show cardiac disturbances of electrolytes and systemic diseases
Aid cardiac diseases diagnosis
Monitor anaesthesia
Evaluate effectiveness of cardiac drugs (Digitalis glycosides, etc.)
11
Q
Horse cough
A
Press larynx with 1 or 2 hands OR press tracheal rings 1-3 near larynx.
Do not cough spontaneously. Difficult to stimulate.
Intensive, sharp, high, short, dry, painless, snapping, does not recur.
12
Q
Principles of Mareks’ sound percussion
A
- Crackling sound of tapping the hammer and plessimeter.
- Sound of thoracic wall OR wall of any organ.
- Lung -> Gas -> Resonance (or any other gas-filled organ)
13
Q
Secondary gastric content of horse? (SC)
A
- greenish fluid
- pH 8
- min. 7 litre
- acidic odour
14
Q
Which exam to auscultate right abdomen? (Mc)
A
?
15
Q
Proprioceptive test ? (Mc)
A
• wheelbarrowing test • hopping tests -> on one leg -> hemihopping • correction test (knuckling-over test) • tactile and optical placing reactions • extensor postural thrust reaction Reflexes: • thoraci climb reflexes: -> extensor carpi radialis reflex (important) -> triceps reflex -> biceps reflex • pelvic limb reflexes - patellar (quadriceps) reflex (most important) - Achilles (gastrocnemius) reflex
16
Q
Nociceptive test ? (Mc)
A
- anal/perineal reflex
- panniculus reflex
- flexor (withdrawal) reflexes of limbs
17
Q
In which species can you palpate spleen only if enlarged?
A
Dog, cat, swine
18
Q
Description heart murmur grade 5
A
Very loud murmur with precordial thrill
Other:
I: Very soft murmur, heard only after a few seconds in a quiet room
II: Soft murmur but easily heard directly upon auscultation
III: Moderate-intensity murmur with good audibility
IV: Load murmur, very good audibility, but without precordial thrill
V: Very loud murmur with precordial thrill
VI: Loudest murmur, even audible with stethoscope lifted from the chest wall
19
Q
Diernhofer triangle description (Mc)
Borders and for what purposes
A
An air-containing lung lobe between the diaphragm and the caudal border of the heart (arrow).
In this area, the percussion sound of the thorax is normal in healthy animals and the Diernhofer triangle can be detected even in the case of cardiac enlargement.
20
Q
Skin lesions connected (Mc)
A
Bulla and vesicle, excoriation and erosion
21
Q
Rectal palpation findings of prostate, choose the correct ones (Mc)
A
Location, size, shape, structure, surface, painfulness, symmetry, movability, consistency
–> hyperplasia, tumor, abscess, cyst
22
Q
Examination methods for abomasal displacement (Mc)
A
Auscultation –> Tinkling sound.
LDA:
Auscultation with ballottement –> Splashing sound
Auscultation with percussion –> Metallic sound
23
Q
Caudal shift of lung borders because of?
A
Rao (copd)
Alveolar or interstitial lung emphysema
24
Q
Pupillary light reaction tests
A
Optic n. and Oculomotor n. and vegetative nervous system
25
Centre of panniculus reflex?
C7-Th1
26
Which are not the indications for a GI endoscope:
Ascites
Tenesmus
Haematochezia
Ascites
27
What type of stones can be seen with an ultrasound?
All types
28
Pre-cordial thrill (fremitus)
Pathological. Grade 5 murmur - Very loud murmur with pre-cordial thrill.
29
Define ataxia
Inco-ordination of posture and movement. Lack of co-ordination in muscle function without muscular
weakness. The CNS is involved, NOT the peripheral nerves.
30
How many hours must you leave after eating, in order to avoid post-prandial lipeamia?
12 hours
31
Horner’s syndrome
Loss of sympathetic innervation results in
1. Myosis
2. Ptosis (drooping or falling of upper eye lid)
3. Enopthalamus (and prolapse of the third eyelid)
32
Nystagmus
Involuntary movement of eyeballs
33
What organs can you palpate in physiological case in a cat?
Both kidneys palpable. Urinary bladder. Small intestines. Colon (faeces).
34
Mucous membranes – Colours
```
Red - Inflammation
Dirty red - Intoxication
Cherry red - CO toxicosis
Chocolate brown - Meth-Hb
Blue - Cyanosis
Yellow - Jaundice
Slight yellowish - Normal in Eq.
Pale whitish - Anaemia
Purple - Peripheral blood vessels full
Grey-purple - Peripheral blood vessels empty
```
35
Heart palpation
Between the 3rd and 6th ic space.
| All species on both sides except Cattle, goat, sheep, pig - Only on the left.
36
Indications for skin biopsy
Hereditary skin diseases
Auto-immune diseases
Neoplasms
37
```
Checking the bone marrow, what is not performed?
Cytology
CBC
Biopsy
US
Abdominal US
X-ray
```
Functional disturbances may be indicated by altered appearance/function of other organs (mucous membranes, lymph nodes)
ONLY additional methods: CBC (complete blood count) Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
& cytology of lymph nodes
Bone marrow asp. citology (biopsy)
38
Lymph nodes felt in physiological case in Cattle:
1. Mandibular ln.
2. Praescpaular ln.
3. Superficial inguinal ln.
a. Sub-iliac lnn. (in lower third between tuber coxae and flank fold)
b. Mammary lnn.
39
Which is not a kidney evaluation parameter?
Creatinine kinase
40
True kidney statements
Acute nephritis - Enlarged, painful.
| Chronic nephritis - Smaller
41
Ancillary methods to test muscles
```
EMG (elektromyographia)
Biopsy
US
CT
MRI
Blood examination: enzymes: CK, LDH, AST and ALT (myocyte injury), Ca++, Mg++
CBC
Serum biochemistry
Urinalysis
Serology: Neosporosis, Toxoplasmosis
```
42
What can be heard in the upper region in the case of hydrothorax?
Absolute (complete) dullness - Dog, Horse
| Relative dullness - Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Swine
43
Dog – Heart apex
Apex beat in the dog and cat is over the edge of the sternum.
Left ic: 3-6 Right ic: 3-5
44
Anticoagulant
Heparin. Added to plasma before centrifugation.
45
How to examine the spleen?
Palpation, percussion, rectal examination.
| Additional: CBC, US, radiography, FNA/biopsy
46
Define vesicle
Circumscribed elevation filled with fluid (>1cm = bulla, blister). Often viral or auto-immune origin.
Skin lesion less than 1cm and filled with clear fluid.
47
Thorax - Normal percussion sound
Small animals: Sharp, high or low, sonorous (resonant) and long percussion sound.
Large animals: Sharp, low, non-sonorous, non-resonant and short percussion sound.
48
Symptoms of a generalised seizure
Diffused origin within cortex, thalamus, brainstem --> So all muscles effected
‘general’ symptoms seen: excitation or loss of consciousness.
49
Bone clinical examination
Physical examination: General inspection, palpation (pain, consistency, crepitation), percussion.
50
Why do we use Valsalva probe?
Rubbing of pleural surfaces - Pleural, Pleuro-perocardial, Pericardial
51
What clinical signs are seen in case of pericardial effusion?
Elevation of the caudo-ventral border - Increase of cardiac dullness (enlargement)
52
Expired air standpoints
Odour
Strength
Temperature
Symmetry
53
Percussion sound standpoints
```
Volume/Loudness
Pitch/Frequency
Tone/Resonance
Duration
Special sounds
```
54
What do you test with BMBT?
Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Test - Capillary refill time (<2secs). Also, tests platelet function.
55
Most important way to examine the urinary tract?
Inspection, abdominal palpation
56
What is not true about upper airway?
- Narrowing of the upper airway occurs mostly in held expiration.
57
Sign of UMN disease
Hyperactive reflexes. Increased tone.
58
Adrenals glands examination
CBC (stress leukogram)
Biochemistry (ALP, SIALP, NA/L ratio)
ACTH stimulation test, LDDS test
US, CT
59
Pericardial tamponade in Cow. Signs:
Pulse changes with respiration
| Positive venous stasis test -> No emptying below the compression point
60
Lab test performed if suspecting bone illness in Horse?
```
Ca, P, ALKP (increased osteoclast activity), PTH, PTH-related protein, vit.D metabolites
Haematology – Acute osteomyelitis
Biopsy, Histopathology
Cytology, Fluids, Exudates
Microbiology
```
61
What to check when suspecting locomotion problems?
History
Physical examination
General impression -> Observation of the standing , moving and recumbent animal
Inspection, palpation, percussion of the given organ -> Functional unit of BAM
Compare symmetrical parts of the body -> Differentiate musculoskeletal signs of systemic diseases
Further examinations: Rectal palpation, X-ray, CT, MRI, Arthroscopy, US, EMG (Electromyography), Scintigraphy = Nuclear imaging, Biopsy, Aspiration cytology, CBC, Serum
biochemistry, Serology
62
Different % of abdominal organs in Ruminants
Calf -> Reticulum small -> Rumen is 50 of abomasum
Cow:
-Rumen: 80% on LEFT LHS
-Reticulum: 50% in middle of abdomen and to the Left 6-9
ICS near xiphoid process
-Omasum: 7-8% on RIGHT RHS and ventral -> Difficult to reach 6-9 ICS
-Abomasum: 8% in contact with abdominal wall - On ventral part of abdomen
63
What is true about endoscopy?
Animals must have corrected condition in order to perform the endoscopy
Lateral recumbency needed - Small animals
Can be done in awake animals - Horses
64
Pulse measurement
- Horse: Facial a., Transverse facial a., Brachial a. (Median a.), Common digital palmar a.
- Cow: Facial a., Transverse facial a., Coccygeal a., Greater auricular a.
- Small ruminants, Dog, Cat: Femoral a.
65
(?) Which uroliths can be visualised on an X-ray:
Both
| Organic and Inorganic
66
General impression
1. Body size
2. Body shape and development state
3. Nutritional condition
4. General condition, grooming
5. Consciousness and behaviour
6. Posture
7. Locomotion
8. Obvious abnormalities
67
Lymph nodes of the Horse
```
Palpable:
Mandibular ln.
Superficial inguinal lnn.
Palpable only when pathologically enlarged:
Lateral retropharyngeal lnn.
Praescapular lnn.
Rectal palpation:
Iliosacral lnn.
Mesenteric lnn.
```
68
Slap test
Slap test on arytenoids -> N. vagus recurrens
69
Which is true about horse esophagus?
Horse – Sharp angle of oesophagus to stomach
70
What is true about the horse?
```
Stomach does not touch wall.
Right dorsal colon attached.
Left colon is free.
Long soft palate
Acute angle of oesophagus into stomach
```
71
How is the epidermal collaret formed?
Epidermal collaret -> Bacterial folliculitis -> Circular rim of ruptured vesicle or bulla
A special type of scale arranged in a circular rim of loos keratin flakes or peeling keratin. It represents the remnants of the roof of a vesicle, bulla, pustule, or papule or the hyperkeratosis caused by a point source of inflammation as seen with papules and pustules.
72
Reasons why there might be bleeding from the penis
Blood dripping from penis, but clear urine, Injury to penis e.g. wound or a prostate problem.
73
Examination of the prostate gland:
```
Palpation Abdominal / Rectal-digital
Visualisation X-ray, US
Urinalysis
Examination of prostatic fluid Prostatic massage
Examination of semen
Cytology, biopsy
```
74
Which species has physiological palpable ovaries?
Ruminants
| Horse
75
Respiratory sounds
Stronger in dog
| Bronchial -> ‘H’ sound during ex- / ins-piration -> Normal in the trachea. Abnormal in the thorax.
76
What can the mucous membrane look like if there is cardiac failure?
Cyanotic
Livid
Pale, whitish
77
How to do a skin biopsy?
Scalpel blade or biopsy punch -> Especially for tumours, auto-immune dermatopathies -> But not with allergies.
78
Which is the most important part of urinary diagnostics?
Laboratory examinations of urine and blood
79
What cannot be palpated in the rectal exam of a healthy horse?
Right kidney
Stomach
Liver
80
Symptoms of vestibular ataxia
Peripheral : Vestibulocochlear n. -> Balance etc. -> Often see head tilt and turning -> Horizontal nystagmus
Central: Head tilt -> Horizontal nystagmus
81
Tests for muscle function
Examine relaxed animal, standing and lateral recumbency.
82
In which species can’t you palpate the heart on the right side?
Ruminants
| Pigs
83
In which species can you feel the heart on the right side?
Cat
Dog
Horse
Rabbit
84
Which nerves are responsible for the Panniculus reflex?
Touching the skin along the neck and trunk, with a pointy tool. There can be hyper- or hypo-sensitivity.
Afferent -> Spinal segments, centre: C7-T1
Efferent -> m. cutaneous trunci
85
What is incorrect about sampling of a spinal cord?
Blood sample
86
What is part of the consciousness?
```
Mental status
Behaviour
Aware of the surroundings and has ability to learn and remember
Reactions to environmental stimuli
Normally alert and attentive
```
87
Pathological behaviour
Auto-mutilation
88
What can be examined on the teeth?
Number, shape, occlusion/closure, surface, colour, tartar (plaque/cremor/calculus), pain, movability, percussion sound
89
Arterial palpation
```
Rhythm
Symmetric
Rate
Quality
Size, strength, duration of pulse wave, and fullness of artery
```
90
Steps of inspection of the thorax
1. Inspection: skin, size, shape, bilateral symmetry and local deformities
2. Palpation: temp., fremitus, painfullness, deformities
3. Percussion
4. Auscultation
5. Further examinations: X-ray, US, endoscopy, BAL, thoracocentesis, biopsy, CT, MRI, thoracotomy, lung function testing, blood count, acid base analysis
91
Signs of a damaged trigeminal nerve?
Sagging lower jaw
Trismus
Tic
92
Nerves involved in the perineal and anal reflex
Afferent -> Pudendal n.
| Efferent -> Pudendal n. Caudal rectal n.
93
Pancreas exam.
Check amylase and lipase biochemical parameters.
94
What to check on the nasal plane?
```
Moisture content
Sweat glands present
Surface
Intactness
Colour -> Pigmentation, decolourisation
```
95
Cause of iron deficiency anaemia
GI bleeding
96
Where does the nasal discharge come out from, when it originates from the guttural pouch?
Guttural pouch disease -> Bilateral discharge (behind the choanae)
97
Joint’s motion
Joints are easily movable according to the given joint’s range of motion. Passive movement is free of pain and no constant crepitation is felt.
98
Pick the true statement about synovial fluid
Clear, light-straw in colour, sticky, viscous-feel, strand forming (between fingers / glass slide)
99
Apical beat location
Apex beat in the dog and cat -> Left 3-6 and Right 3-5 ics
100
What do you examine with the ‘swinging light test’?
Pupil light reflex -> Swinging light test
Optic n. Oculomotor n. Vegetative nervous system
Light in one eye, and both should contract; but one maximally and the other partially.
101
In which species can the uterus be palpated physiologically?
Horse
| Cattle
102
Which of the following is permanent data of the animal?
1. Species
2. Breed
3. Sex
4. Colour
5. Colour pattern
6. Nose or muzzle impression
7. Blood groups
8. Marks -> Chestnut, whorl, permanent blemishes or defects
103
What does the mucous membrane in case of hypo-volaemic shock?
Livid (more greyish purple)
104
Signs of conscious pain perception in dog?
1. Local -> Skin twitch, leg withdrawal
| 2. Behavioural -> Crying, biting, turning to the direction of pain
105
Indications for a tracheobronchoscopy?
Acute cough if an inhaled body is suspected
Chronic cough -> Unknown cause or does not respond to therapy
Unexplained abnormal breathing pattern / Lung infiltrate
Tracheal collapse -> Confirmation and staging
Chronic bronchitis -> Staging and sample collection
Stridor -> Not explained by larygoscopy evaluation
Removal of mucoid obstruction in atelectatic lung lobes
106
What is not true for status praesens?
Nutritional status
| History
107
```
What is true about the systolic heart murmur in horses:
Graded 1-3/6
Localized and brief
Due to ventricular filling
Can be heard on the left side of the thorax
Happens in late systole
It is crescendo
Intensity may change with exercise
```
Graded 1-3/6 - TRUE
Localized and brief - TRUE
Due to ventricular filling (FALSE – it is Caused by blood flow in aorta and pulmonary artery)
Can be heard on the left side of the thorax - TRUE
Happens in late systole (FALSE - it happens in early-mid systole)
It is crescendo (FALSE – it is crescendo-decrescendo or decrescendo)
Intensity may change with exercise - TRUE
108
Describe a systolic and diastolic murmur in the horse
Systolic murmur: Blood flows into aorta and pulmonary aorta in early systole.
Diastolic murmur: Ventricular filling. Common in EQ; young horses and thoroughbreds.
109
US of a part of horse’s heart. What parts can you see?
| US picture with an artefact. What is the artefact?
Comet tail, shadow, reverberating. Should be acoustic shadow
110
CT scan. Choose the correct statement
CT – Computed Tomography
CT is an X-ray tube that rotates around the patient to obtain multiple images that are then relayed to a computer that reconstruct the image.
Cross-section imaging
Higher resolution
Computer reconstructs the image
Can use iodine OR contrast media -> Accumulate in tumours of CNS
Esp. useful for brain and structures of head
Esp. good at showing bony parts of skull and spine
111
Type of exam commonly carried out together with ECG?
PhonoCardioGraphy - PCG
112
Angio-edema. Choose the true statement
Wheals -> Urticarial lesion -> Flat -> ‘Angioedema’
- Inter-dermal skin test ISDT for hyper-sensitive reactions
- Angioedema -> Swollen face
Huge hive of a distensible region such as lips or eyelids.
Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
113
Methods of neurological examination?
X-ray
EEG - ElectroEncephalography
CT – Computed Tomography
MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging
114
What can be examined by inspection of joints?
```
Skin
Angle
Swelling
Deformities
Symmetry
```
115
What further exams to do in case of bone disease?
CBC (Complete Blood Count)
FNA (Fine Needle Aspiration) and biopsy of LN or compete removal
Bone marrow aspiration. Cytology of bone marrow
Anaemia -> Due to bone marrow suppression. Leukaemia Enlarged pre-scapular ln
116
What is anisocoria?
Unequal pupil size in eyes.
117
Instruments needed for a neurological exam
1. Reflex hammer
2. Arterial clamp, needle
3. Penlight
118
Part of rumen with mild tympanic sound
Upper 1/3rd
119
B-mode in echocardiography
2D
| Can show DCM and HCM.
120
AST enzyme
Muscle and tendons
121
Rhythmic oscillating muscle twitch
Tremor
122
Anti-coagulants
Citrate
Heparin
EDTA
123
LMN lesion signs
Diminished or absent reflexes
| Decreased or absent tone
124
What to check for when you inspect the testes?
```
Location
Size
Shape
Structure
Surface
Painfulness
Symmetry
Movability
Consistency
-Cryptorchidism -> testes should have descended by 6 months of age
-Sertoli cell tumour can cause hyper-oestrogenism
```
125
Pathognomic symptom
Specific
Characteristic for a particular disease.
Sign whose presence means that the disease is present without any doubt.
126
18 month-old calf:
Full capacity 135-180 liters
127
Dental formula in cat and dog
Dog: 3-1-4-2/3-1-4-3
Cat: 3-1-3-1/3-1-2-1
128
Picture of thorax, describe the type of sounds in the marked area
1. Bronchial-like sounds.
| 2. Normal respiratory sounds.
129
Indications for colonoscopy
```
Large bowel diarrhoea
Haematochezia
Blood in faeces
Increased faecal mucosa
Tenesmus
Dyschezia -> Pain during defecation
Palpable rectal masses
```
130
In what kind of conditions would you hear a stronger heartbeat?
Exercise
Cardiac hypertrophy
Dislocation
131
In case of hepatopathy, AST is
Useless - AST used only for muscle and tendon lab work.
132
Acoustic impedance
= Density of product x Acoustic velocity
133
Papule
Small, solid elevation <1cm
134
When is RDW (Red cell Distribution Width) elevated?
Regenerative anaemia
135
In dogs, left-sided heart failure can lead to
Ascites
136
Cause of epidermal colarette
Superifical pyoderma
137
Transient data
1. Age
2. Body weight
3. Brand marks
4. Tattoos
5. Ear tags
6. Micro-chip
138
Enlarged P wave
Atrial enlargement
139
Uticaria and angio-edema
Both are Type 1 hyper-sensitivity reactions.
| Usually due to vaccination, blood transfusion, bee stings (high allergic reaction)
140
ECG, asked to calculate the heart rate
155
141
What sound is heard during pulmonary odema?
Non-musical bronchi - Crepitation and crackling
142
Which part of the rumen is tympanic?
Upper 1/3rd Tympanic
| Lower 2/3rd Dull
143
Signs of reduced mental state
Dementia -> Loss of intelligence. Start eating, but forget hay in mouth.
Stupor -> Responds only to strong stimuli.
Indolentia -> Uninterested in surroundings
Somnolentia -> Drowsy but can be woken
Delirium -> Un-coridinated
Coma -> Cannot be woken, loss of conciousness
Possible indications -> Lead posoning, hydro-cephalus
144
What can be heard in the upper region, in case of hydrothorax?
Splashing sound
145
Where does the basic clinical value belong to?
Status preasens
146
How to examine if there is free fluid and gas in right abdomen of Ruminants?
1. Inspection: Size, presence and grade of bloat.
2. Palpation: Ruminal contraction at left flank.
3. Percussion: Normal: upper 1/3- mild tympanic, ventral 2/3 –dull and in froathy bloat we here moderately tympanic
4. Auscultation
5. Additional exams: Rumen fluid, rumenotomy, rectal examination
