Final- Lymphatic, Immune, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems system Flashcards
What are the 4 components of the lymphatic system?
1) lymphatic vessels
2) lymphoid tissues
3) lymphoid organs
4) immune system
What are the lymphoid vessels in order from smallest to largest?
test q
1) capillaries
2) collecting vessels
3) trunks (regional)
3A) jugular
3B) subclavian
3C) broncho-mediastinal
3D) lumbar (R/L)
3E) intestinal
4) ducts (right lymphatic and left thoracic duct)
Cisterna chyli (“bowl of juice”) is at the same level of L2, and receives lymph fluid from….
test q
Lumbar and intestinal trunks
What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Exam question
Lymph from the right half of head, right side of thorax, and right arm into the right subclavian vein
What does the left thoracic duct drain?
Exam q
Lymph from everything besides R half of head, R side of thorax, and R arm into the L subclavian vein
What is another name for lymphoid tissues?
Lymphoid nodules (follicles)
_____________________ are encapsulated bundles of lymphatic cells with lamina propria (CT) layer of mucous membranes
Lymphoid tissues
Where are lymphoid tissues found (think tracts and tissues)?
GI, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts, and peyer’s patches of the SI
What are the lymphatic organs?
-BM
-lymph nodes
-thymus
-spleen
-liver
-tonsils
Within BM, there is hematopoietic stem cells (blood cell precursors) that produce _____________ which mature into B and T lymphocytes
test q
Lymphoblasts
What serves as lymph filters and activates the immune system to remove and destroy pathogens/debris?
test q
Lymph nodes
What are the 4 parts of a lymph node structurally?
test q
1) cortex
2) medulla
3) afferent lymph vessels
4) efferent lymph vessels
What portion of the lymph node is the outer portion that contains WBCs, dendritic cells, and B cells predominantly?
test q
Cortex
What portion of the lymph node is the inner portion that contains large lymph capillaries?
test q
Medulla
What vessel within the lymph node takes lymph fluid to the lymph node?
test q
Afferent lymph vessels
What vessel within the lymph node takes lymph fluid away from lymph nodes?
test q
Efferent lymph vessels
Which lymphoid organ is located deep to the manubrium of the sternum?
test q
Thymus
Which lymphoid organ is bilobed and undergoes involution with age (gets smaller and replaces by fat)?
test q
Thymus
Which lymphoid organ has thymocytes (immature T lymphocytes) that migrate here from BM?
test q
Thymus
Which lymphoid organ secretes thymic hormones to stimulate maturation of thymocytes to mature T cells (T lymphocytes)?
test q
Thymus
Where is the site of lymphatic proliferation?
test q
Spleen
Which lymphoid organ has immune surveillance and response?
test q
Spleen
Which lymphoid organ extracts aged RBCs and platelets to break them down?
Test q
Spleen
What are the immune functions of the liver?
test q
Remove pathogens and toxins entering the body via the GI tract (taken to liver by the portal system)
Which lymphoid organ is the major producer of anti-microbial proteins (complement proteins) for immune system responses?
test q
Liver
Which lymphoid organ is in the pharynx behind the nasal and oral cavities, and has crypts that trap microbes (pathogenic microorganisms)?
test q
Tonsils
What are the 4 paired tonsils?
test q
1) pharyngeal (also called adenoid, found behind nasopharynx)
2) tubal (near opening of Eustachian (auditory) tube in nasopharynx)
3) palatine (below soft palate)
4) lingual (behind tongue)
What is the difference between the lymphatic system and immune system?
Lymphatic system= consists of lymphatic vessels, tissues, and organs and the immune subsystem provides surveillance and defense against pathogens and foreign substances
Immune system= defense subsystem of lymphatic system comprised of chemicals, anti-microbial proteins and WBCs that protect against disease
What are the subsystems of the immune system?
Innate (nonspecific) and acquired (specific/adaptive)
What is the first line of defense of the innate (nonspecific) immune system?
test q
surface barriers (skin and mucous membranes)
What is the 2nd line of defense of the innate (nonspecific) immune system?
test q
internal defenses (chemicals, anti-microbial proteins, and cells)
Which immune system recognizes and responds to pathogens in a generic way and may cause fever and inflammation?
innate immune system
Which immune system has no memory or long term immunity?
innate immune system
What is the 3rd line of defense?
test q
adaptive/acquired/specific immune system
-proteins (cytokines and complement proteins) and cells
-humoral (antibody-mediated immunity w/ B cells
-cellular (cell mediated) immunity with T cells
-recognize and respond to pathogens
-has memory and long term immunity (recognize subsequent infections)
-exists for years to life
B cells are also known as B lymphocytes and are a part of humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity. What do B cells produce and where are they derived from?
test q
B cells produce antibodies (Y shaped proteins that bind to microbes thereby disabling or killing them)
B cells are derived from lymphoblast cells in BM and mature there
T cells are also known as T lymphocytes and are a part of cell mediated immunity. What do they do and where are they derived from?
test q
T cells directly bind to microbes and perferate the cell membrane and injects enzymes to destroy them
T cells are derived from lymphoblast cells in BM, and migrate to mature in the thymus gland
What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract?
test q
1) serosa or adventita (outer layer of serous membrane/CT)
2)) muscularis externa
3) submucosa (CT containing blood lymph, and nerve fibers)
4) mucosa
How many layers is the muscularis externa?
test q
2 layers of smooth muscle (outer layer is longitudinal and the inner layer is circular)
The submucosa is a CT containing what?
test q
blood, lymph, and nerve fibers
What is the innermost epithelial lining of the digestive system?
test q
mucosa
What layer of the digestive system secretes mucus, absorbs nutrients, and protects against infection with lymphoid follicles?
test q
mucosa
The esophageal sphincter is made up of a smooth muscle ring that is voluntary or involuntary? Where is it located and what does it do?
test q
involuntary
located between the diaphragm, where esophagus meets the stomach
prevents reflux of stomach contents
What are the 4 parts of the stomach?
1) cardia
2) fundus
3) body
3) pylorus
What is the mucosa of the stomach called?
Gastric mucosa (mucous membrane)
What organ/region has folds/rugae, gastric pits, and glands, and is made up of simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae?
Mucosa of the stomach
What is another name for rugae?
Gastric folds
What are rugae and what does it allow?
Longitudinal wrinkles in gastric mucosa that allows for expansion of stomach
What are gastric pits? What do they contain?
test q
Indentations in the gastric mucosa that contains entrances to 3-5 gastric glands and is lined with surface mucous cells
Where are gastric glands (cells) found and what do they secrete?
test q
Found in gastric pits (lamina propria) and open into bases of gastric pits
Secretes HCl, digestive enzymes, and gastric hormones
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
test q
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
What part of the small intestine surrounds the head of the pancreas?
Exam q
Duodenum
What part of the small intestine does most of the chemical digestion?
Test q
Duodenum
What is the shortest section of the small intestine (8 feet)?
test q
Jejunum
What section of the small intestine does the most absorption?
Test q
Jejunum
What section of the small intestine is the longest (12 feet)?
test q
Ileum
What section of the small intestine joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve?
test q
Ileum
What is found within the mucosa of the small intestine?
-pilcae circulares
-villi
-mucosal cells (enterocytes)
-microvilli (brush border)
-crypts of Lieberkuhn
What are plicae circulares? Where is it found and what does it do?
test q
Circular folds (valvulae conniventes/valves of Kerkring) of the mucosa of small intestine
Mostly found in lower duodenum and jejunum
Increases SA for absorption
What are villi and what do they allow for?
test q
Finger like extensions of mucosa on surface of plicae and further increase SA for absorption
What are mucosal cells? Where are they found and what do they do?
Also called enterocytes
Found on the surface of villi and line the lumen of SI
Absorb nutrients
What are microvilli (“brush border”) of the SI and what does it do?
test q
Tiny projections of plasma membrane of mucosal cells and increases SA of plasma membrane
What are crypts of Lieberkuhn?
test q
Vaults or pits between villi, lined by intestinal glands/cells
What are the 4 subdivisions of the large intestine?
test q
1) cecum
2) colon
3) rectum (in pelvis)
4) anus (in pelvis)
What are the features of the large intestine?
test q
-epiploic appendages (small fat filled appendages of visceral peritoneum)
-taeniae coli (muscularis externa reduced to 3 bands/ribbons)
-haustra (pocket like sacs, giving segmented appearance)
-Plicae semilunares (half moon shaped folds of colon walls formed by contraction)
What are epiploic appendages?
test q
Small fat filled appendages of visceral peritoneum in the large intestine
What are taeniae coli?
test q
Muscularis externa reduced to 3 bands/ribbons in the large intestine
What are haustra?
test q
Pocket like sacs giving segmental appearance in the large intestine
What are plicae semilunares?
test q
Half moon shaped folds of colon walls formed by contraction of the large intestine
What is the first part of the large intestine and is a blind pouch?
test q
Cecum
What quadrant is the cecum of the large intestine found in?
test q
RLQ
The appendix arises from the….
test q
Posteriomedial aspect of the cecum
The appendix is inferior to the….
test q
Ileocecal junction
What are the 4 parts of the colon?
test q
1) ascending colon
2) transverse colon
3) descending colon
4) sigmoid colon
What are the 2 flexures of the colon (large intestine)?
test q
-R colic flexure/hepatic flexure
-L colic flexure/splenic flexure
Where is the R colic flexure/hepatic flexure located?
test q
RUQ below liver, sharp bend between the ascending and transverse colon
Where is the L colic flexure/splenic flexure located?
test q
LUQ below spleen, sharp bend between transverse and descending colon
What are the accessory organs of the duodenum?
Exam question
Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Which accessory organ of the duodenum has the largest gland?
test q
The liver
Which accessory organ of the duodenum is in the RUQ, produces bile, receives nutrients from the GI tract except long chain fatty acids and cholesterol, and detoxifies blood?
test q
The liver
Who produces bile?
test q
Liver
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
1) right
2) left
3) quadrate
4) caudal lobe
What is known as the port of the liver?
Porta hepatis
________________ is a deep fissure in the inferior surface of the liver and between the quadrate and caudate lobes
Porta hepatis
All blood vessels (except hepatic veins), nerves, and hepatic ducts (R and L) enter or leave the liver through here
Porta hepatis
What is the structural unit of the liver (hexagon shaped)?
Lobule (liver acinus)
What is composed of hepatocytes (liver cells) that produce bile (breaks down fats)?
Lobule (liver acinus)
What is the storage sac for bile?
test q
Gallbladder
What are the 3 parts of the gallbladder?
Fundus (head), body, and neck
What shape is the pancreas?
test q
Tadpole shaped
The pancreas is located primarily behind the….
test q
Stomach
The head of the pancreas is encircled by the…
test q
Duodenum
The tail of the pancreas abuts the…
test q
spleen
Does the pancreas have endocrine or exocrine functions? Or both
Both
What are the 4 exocrine functions of the pancreas?
1) carbohydrates (pancreatic amylase)
2) fats (pancreatic lipase)
3) proteins (pancreatic proteases- trypsin and chymotrypsin)
4) nucleic acids (pancreatic nucleases)
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?
Islets of langerhans (produce hormones) which consist of different cell types- alpha, beta, and delta cells
What are alpha cells? What do they do?
test q
Glucagon
-increase blood sugar (glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis)
What are beta cells and what do they do?
test q
Insulin
-decrease blood sugar (enhance membrane transport of glucose into cells to glycogenesis, protein synthesis, and fat synthesis)
What are delta cells and what do they do?
test q
Somatostatin
-decrease GH secretion and all other hormones from the pancreas
In the hepatopancreatic duct system, the bile duct carries bile produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder and unites with the pancreatic duct which carries digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas and empties these substances into the _______________ for chemical digestion
test q
duodenum
What is the hepato-pancreatic duct system?
test q
-bile from the liver and gallbladder mix with enzymes from the pancreas
-enter descending part of the duodenum
-reason that most chemical digestion occurs in the duodenum
The kidneys are surrounded by CT and fat and protected posteriorly by back muscles and….
Floating ribs 11 and 12
What type of CT is in the capsule of the kidneys?
test q
Irregular dense CT
What part of the kidney is directly adhered to the surface of the kidney?
test q
Capsule
What part of the kidney supports the kidney mass?
test q
Capsule
What part of the kidney protects from injury?
test q
Capsule
What part of the kidney is on the ventral cleft on the medial concave surface?
test q
Hilum
What part of the kidney leads into the renal sinus (internal spaces)?
test q
Hilum
What part of the kidney is the portal for nerves, renal blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels?
test q
Hilum
What are the 2 parts of the kidney externally?
test q
Capsule and hilum
What are the 4 parts of the kidney internally?
test q
-cortex
-medulla
-renal sinus
-pelvis
Columns and pyramids are found where within the kidney?
test q
Medulla
Papilla, minor calyx, and major calyx is found where within the kidney?
test q
Renal sinus
What is the superficial (outer) region of the kidney?
test q
Cortex
Where in the kidney is the location of renal corpuscles of nephrons?
test q
Cortex
What color is the kidney cortex?
Reddish brown
Where is the location of nephron collecting ducts, loops of Henle, and peritubular capillaries?
test q
Renal pyramids of the medulla of the kidneys
__________________ are inward extensions of cortical tissue and separate pyramids
Renal columns
Renal pyramids are triangular regions in the medulla of the kidneys. What do the pyramids consist of?
Test q
Collecting ducts (which receive urine from nephrons), loop of henle of nephron and peritubular blood vessels
What is the large cavity within the kidneys?
Renal sinus
What is the urine flow of the nephron?
test q
bowman’s capsule > PCT > loop of Henle > DCT
The DCT empties into the….
test q
collecting duct
Reabsorption by collecting ducts is controlled by which hormones?
Test q
aldosterone and ADH (vasopressin)
What is the function of ADH and aldosterone?
water and sodium reabsorption in kidneys
What are the 4 parts of the renal tubules of the nephrons (kidney)?
1) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2) loop of henle (descending and ascending)
3) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
4) collecting tubule
Renal tubules empty into the….
Collecting ducts
Are collecting ducts considered a part of the nephron of the kidney?
NO
Collecting ducts recieves urine from multiple nephrons. Electrolyte and fluid balance in collecting ducts is regulated by _____________ and __________________
Aldosterone, vasopressin (anti diuretic hormone)
What are the 3 processes of urine formation?
test q
1) glomerular filtration
2) reabsorption
3) secretion
Is glomerular filtration of urine formation passive or active filtration?
Passive filtration
Where does glomerulus filtration occur?
Test q
Glomerulus (ball of capillaries) to the Bowman’s capsule
Water and solutes (ions like sodium) are pushed from glomerular capillaries in which process of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration
Where does reabsorption of urine formation occur?
Test q
Renal tubule to peritubular capillaries
Water, ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3- ions) and nutrients (glucose, amino acids, and vitamins) are absorbed into the peritubular capillaries in which process of urine formation?
Reabsorption
Where does secretion of urine formation occur?
Test q
Peritubular capillaries to nephron tubules
H+, K+, NH4+, creatinine, and organic acids are eliminated from the body during which process of urine formation?
Secretion
What is the flow of urine (of kidney)?
Test q
Nephron > collecting duct > papillary duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > bladder > urethra
The juxtaglomerular complex, or apparatus (JGC) regulates nephron function. How?
Test q
1) macula densa (in the wall of DCT nearest to the renal corpuscle, regulates sodium ion concentration)
2) juxtaglomerular (granular) cells (between DCT and glomerulus, secretes renin, renin increases BP)
3) extraglomerular mesangial cells (increases renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells)
What does macula densa regulate?
Sodium ion concentration
Where are juxtaglomerular (granular) cells found?
Between the DCT and glomerulus
What do juxtaglomerular cells do?
Secrete renin
Does renin increase or decrease BP?
Increase
What do extraglomerular mesangial cells do?
Increase renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells
What shape are the ovaries?
Small almond shaped
What are the 2 parts of the ovaries?
Cortex (outer portion) and medulla (inner portion)
Where are ovaries located?
Near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity
Where are oocytes (gametes/eggs) developed?
Ovaries
Are the ovaries an exocrine or endocrine gland?
Endocrine gland
What do ovaries secrete?
Estrogen and progesterone
What are the 2 main parts of the cortex of the ovary?
test q
1) ovarian follicles (follicle (oocyte), corpus luteum, corpus albicans)
2) stroma (CT)
What is found within the medulla of the ovaries?
test q
Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
The ovarian follicle has 2 components:
1) an aggregation of cells that surrounds one immature egg
2) oocyte (immature ovum, or egg cell) produced in ovary as a result of female ________________
Gametogenesis
What is the female duct system called?
Uterine tubes
Do the uterine tubes have contact with the ovaries?
No, or very little contact
What are the 4 parts of the uterine tubes?
test q
1) infundibulum
2) ampulla
3) isthmus
4) uterine
What part of the uterine tubes opens to the peritoneum?
Infundibulum
What part of the uterine tubes has fimbriae (finger like projections) and abdominal ostium?
test q
Infundibulum
What part of the uterine tubes is the widest and longest part, and where fertilization usually occurs?
Ampulla
What part of the uterine tubes is the intramural segment?
Uterine
What is known as the womb?
test q
The uterus (hollow muscular organ when not pregnant)
What shape is the uterus?
Pear shape
Is the uterus found in the true or false pelvis?
test q
True pelvis when not pregnant (nongravid)
Where is embryo and fetal development?
test q
Uterus
What female reproductive organ is anteverted and anteflexed?
test q
Uterus
The uterus lies against and over the…..
Urinary bladder
What are the 2 main parts of the uterus?
test q
Body and cervix
What is the superior rounded part of the body of the uterus?
fundus
What is the constricted part separating the body of the uterus from the cervix?
isthmus
What is a continuation of the uterine cavity?
cervical canal
What is the recess between the intravaginal part of the cervix and the vagina?
fornix
What are the 3 layers of the uterus wall (from outside in)?
1) perimetrium (outer, visceral peritoneum)
2) myometrium (middle, smooth muscle)
3) endometrium (inner, epithelial)
The endometrium is actively involved in the uterine cycle and consists of 2 layers. What are they?
stratum basalis and stratum functionalis
The endometrium is actively involved in the uterine cycle and consists of 2 layers: stratum basalis and stratum functionalis. Which layer is shed and replaced each cycle?
stratum functionalis
What part of the female reproductive system is a musculomembranous tube?
vagina
What part of the female reproductive system is continuous with the cervical canal?
vagina
What part of the female reproductive system collapses towards the midline?
vagina
What part of the female reproductive system is distensible?
vagina
What part of the female reproductive system is the outlet for menstrual fluid?
vagina
What part of the female reproductive system is the inferior part of the birth canal?
vagina
What part of the female reproductive system is involved in sexual intercourse?
vagina
What is the vaulted peripheral recess where the vaginal cervix meets vagina called?
test q
vaginal fornix
What is the arch or vault between the cervix and vaginal wall called?
test q
vaginal fornix
What are the epithelial folds of the vagina called?
vaginal rugae
What is the opening to the exterior of the vagina called?
vaginal orifice
What is the mucus membrane partially covered by vaginal orifice called?
hymen
What is another name for vestibule of vulva?
vestibule of vagina
What is the cleft between the labia minora called?
test q
vestibule of vulva
What is posterior to the clitoris?
test q
vestibule of vulva
What is a part of the vaginal orifice and external urethral orifice?
test q
vestibule of vulva
What part of the female reproductive system has openings of ducts of greater (Bartholin’s) and lesser (Skene’s) vestibular glands?
test q
vestibule of vulva
What is the ovarian cycle?
-monthly series of ovarian events
-occurs monthly from puberty to menopause
-development of follicle and egg maturation
-ovulation
-formation of corpus luteum
What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?
test q
1) follicular phase (days 1-14, stages of follicle growth, estrogen levels increase)
2) luteal phase (days 15-28, formation of corpus luteum, progesterone levels increase)
What day does ovulation usually occur?
test q
day 14 (egg released from ovary)
What is the function of progesterone?
to maintain uterine lining (menstrual cycle) and pregnancy
Where are estrogen and progesterone produced?
in the membrana granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle
What is the function of estrogen?
-female sex drive
-menstrual cycle
-increase bone density
-increase fat
-nurture/receptivity
What is the uterine cycle?
-monthly series of uterine events
-occurs monthly from puberty to menopause
-accompanies ovarian cycle
-measured from 1st day of bleeding
What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?
test q
1) menstrual phase (days 1-5, shedding of endometrial (functionalis layer) lining)
2) proliferative phase (days 6-14, replacement of endometrial lining (functionalis layer))
3) secretory phase (days 15-28, endometrium is prepared for embryo implantation)
What phases of the uterine cycle are superimposed over the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
menstrual and proliferative phase
What phase of the uterine cycle is superimposed over the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
secretory phase
What is known as the male gonads?
testes
What are the paired ovoid reproductive glands of the male reproductive system?
testes
What part of the male reproductive system produces sperm and primarily testosterone?
testes
What part of the male reproductive system is suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord?
testes
What part of the male reproductive system usually has the left side hang lower than the right side?
testes
What is the tunica vaginalis?
external/outer serous membrane in the male reproductive system
What is the tunica albuginea?
external/inner fibrous capsule
In the internal duct system of the lobules, there is seminiferous tubules. What happens in here?
test q
site of sperm production (1-4/lobule)
In the internal duct system of the lobules, there is tubules rectus. What does the tubule rectus do?
test q
carry sperm from the seminiferous tubules in lobules to the rete testis in the mediastinum testis
In the mediastinum (hilum) testis there is the rete testis. What is the rete testis? What does it do?
test q
network of interconnected tubules
modifies luminal fluid and mixes with sperm
In the mediastinum (hilum) testis there is the efferent ductules. What do the efferent ductules do?
test q
carry sperm from the rete testis to epididymis (outside of testicle)
What are the 4 parts of the external duct system of the testes?
test q
1) epididymis
2) ductus/ vas deferens
3) ejaculatory duct
4) urethra
Ductus (vas) deferens unites with the seminal vesicle to the _________________
ejaculatory duct
Where is the site of sperm storage and maturation?
test q
epididymis
What are the 3 parts of the epididymis?
test q
-head (coiled end of efferent ductules)
-body (convoluted duct of epididymis)
-tail (connects the epididymis to the ductus deferens)
What is the ductus/vas deferens?
test q
spermatic cord/inguinal canal that loops over the bladder between the ureters
What is the ampulla of the ductus/vas deferens?
test q
expanded terminus behind the bladder
What is the ejaculatory duct?
test q
formed by the union of excretory duct of seminal vesicle and vas deferens
What are the 3 parts of the urethra?
test q
1) prostatic (prostate)
2) membranous (urogenital diaphragm)
3) spongy (corpus spongiosum of penis)
What are the 3 accessory glands of the external duct system?
test q
1) seminal vesicle (seminal fluid)
2) prostate gland (prostatic fluid)
3) bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands (bulbourethral (Cowper’s) fluid)
What is the male reproductive organ?
penis
What part of the male reproductive system has 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue?
penis
What part of the male reproductive system conveys the urethra?
penis
What part of the male reproductive system is the outlet for urine and semen?
penis
What are the 3 parts of the penis?
test q
1) root
2) body
3) glands
What part of the penis is the “attached part” and located in the superficial perineal pouch?
root of penis
What part of the penis consists of erectile tissue (crura and bulb)?
root of penis
What part of the penis has ischiocavernosus and bulbospingiosus muscles?
root of penis
What part of the penis is known as the “free pendulous part” and has 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue (2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum)?
test q
body of penis
What part of the penis is conically expanded at the distal portion of the corpus spongiosum?
glans of penis
What is the corona of the glans (of the penis)?
projection beyond the margin of corpora cavernosa
What is the neck of the glans (of the penis)?
constriction separating it from body
What is the external urethral orifice at the tip of penis called?
glans of penis
What is the double layered retractable fold that protects the glans of penis and is removed during circumcisions called?
prepuce or foreskin of penis
What organs are in the upper right quadrant?
Test q
liver, gallbladder, and R kidney
What organs are in the lower right quadrant?
Test q
cecum, ilioceceal valve, appendix, and R ovary
What organs are in the upper left quadrant?
Test q
spleen and left kidney
What organs are in the lower left quadrant?
Test q
sigmoid colon and left ovary
How many bones are there in total for the vertebrae? How is it divided?
test q
26 vertebrae
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx
What are the 4 events/phases of muscle cell contraction (in order)?
test q!
1) initiation
2) muscle cell action potential
3) excitation contraction coupling
4) relaxation
What are some examples of small molecule neurotransmitters?
Test q
-ACh
-dopamine
-Epi
-NE
-serotonin
What is the function of dopamine?
Test q
motor and cognitive motivation
What is the function of Epi?
Test q
attention
What is the function of serotonin?
Test q
arousal, emotions, mood, and sexual urges
What is the fight or flight division of NS?
Sympathetic NS
What is the rest and digest division of NS?
Parasympathetic NS
What are the efferent divisions of the ANS?
Test q
sympathetic (fight of flight, thoracolumbar outflow) and parasympathetic (rest and digest, craniosacral outflow)
What are the 2 major hormone classifications?
Test q
1) amino acid based
2) steroid based
KNOW CHART
What is the function of testosterone?
test q
-male sex drive
-increase muscle mass and bone density
-decrease fat
-aggression and sex drive
Where are the great vessels of the heart found?
superior mediastinum
What arteries are a part of the aortic arch?
test q
1) brachiocephalic trunk (BCT, only on right side of aortic arch)
2) left common carotid artery (CCA)
3) left subclavian artery (SC)
What 2 arteries make up the brachiocephalic trunk?
Test q
right common carotid artery (CCA) and right subclavian artery (SC)
What veins are found in the superior mediastinum?
Test q
-R and L brachiocephalic veins (BCV)
-superior vena cava (SVC)
-R and L internal jugular vein (IJV)
-R and L subclavian vein (SCV)
What takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated from the R ventricle (pulmonary trunk)?
Test q
pulmonary arteries
What takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the L atrium?
test q
pulmonary veins
