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Horticulture > Final (Lecture) > Flashcards

Final (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 steps in plant breeding?

A
  1. Identify Plants and Traits
  2. Sources of Variation
  3. Plant Modes of Reproduction
  4. Breeding Strategies
  5. Trials
  6. Marketing
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2
Q

What is a trait?

A

a visual or measurable (usually variable) characteristic of an organism or population
DNA to protein to visible trait

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3
Q

What is germplasm?

A

any source of genetic material

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4
Q

What are the 2 options of germplasm and what do they capitalize on?

A
  1. Find material (variation, chance seedling)
  2. Create material (radiation, UV, chemicals)

Mutations

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5
Q

What is the center of diversity?

A

region where extensive genetic variation in a species exists

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6
Q

What is the center of origin?

A

region where species originated

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7
Q

What are two ways to create variation?

A

mutation breeding and genetic engineering

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8
Q

What is mutation breeding?

A

induce mutations to create variation: UV light, ethyl methanesulfonate, radiation

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9
Q

What is genetic engineering and what is used?

A

taking genes from one species and inserting into another; agrobacterium

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10
Q

What is transformation? (transgenic plants)

A

non-sexual process by which a trait is introduced from a different species into a plant (gene gun, mostly Agrobacterium)

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11
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

transfer of genes between organisms

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12
Q

What is transgenic?

A

organism contains DNA that has been artificially introduced

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13
Q

How does the gene get into plants? (making a transgenic)

A

agrobacterium transformation

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14
Q

What is agrobacterium transformation?

A

natural genetic engineer that causes galls or tumors in plants to enhance bacterial growth

Ti plasmid removes unwanted DNA and inserts desired ones

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15
Q

What is gene construct and what are the components (3)?

A

DNA segment designed to be functional when it is inserted into plant DNA
Promoter- help gene be read
Coding sequence- gene of interest to protein to trait
Termination sequence- stops the gene being read

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16
Q

What are the sex expressions within a flower?

A

stamen (male), pistil (female), or both

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17
Q

What are the sex expressions within a plant?

A

male, female, or both

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18
Q

What are the methods of pollination? (2)

A

self pollination- pollen fertilizes egg of same individual
cross pollination- pollen exchanges between 2 plants

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19
Q

What are the breeding strategies? (4)

A

mass selection
hybridization
back crossing
manipulating ploidy

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20
Q

What is mass selection? (breeding strategy)

A

selection that increases
desirable trait in a population

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21
Q

What is hybridization? (breeding strategy)

A

a cross between two sources of
germplasm
Same species or close family members
Often, hybrid
vigor present

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22
Q

What is back crossing? (breeding strategy)

A

movement of a desirable trait
into a plant/cultivar deficient of that trait
after 6 generations will be 99%
elite / 1 % “improved” genetics

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23
Q

What is manipulating ploidy (polyploidy)? (breeding strategy)

A

number of
chromosomes in a cell
* Higher ploidy levels: larger cells, larger leaves,
thicker leaves, larger flowers, etc.
* Colchicine stops spindle fibers → doubles DNA

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24
Q

What is a trial?

A

location for the evaluation of cultivars

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25
Q

Why is trademarking and patents important?

A

help to provide
protection of cultivar

26
Q

What does trademark do?

A

controls the name

27
Q

What does patents do?

A

prevents others from propagating for 18 yrs

28
Q

What are 2 ways that crops are perpetuated?

A

vegetative (asexual) - Plants arise from vegetative plant
parts
seed (sexual) - Plants arise from an embryo that originates
from sexual reproduction

29
Q

What are the pros and cons of vegetative propagation?

A

PROS:
– Uniform (same genetic
make up)
* CONS:
– More expensive
– Propagation challenges

30
Q

What does vegetative propagation capitalize on?

A

production of adventitious organs

31
Q

What does adventitious mean?

A

New growing points on
ESTABLISHED
vegetative structures
such as a stem, root, and leaf

32
Q

What are cultivars also called?

A

Clones

33
Q

What is a clone?

A

A population of plants generated from a single
individual that maintains the same traits

34
Q

Why do vegetative propagation?

A

To produce uniform and superior plants
* Prop plants that don’t come true to seed
* Prop plants that don’t produce viable seed

35
Q

What are the 3 methods of vegetative propagation?

A

cuttings
micropropagation
grafting

36
Q

What are cuttings? (3 methods of vegetative propagation)

A

use of vegetative propagules cut from a plant to generate new plants

37
Q

What is propagule? (3 methods of vegetative propagation)

A

any plant part used to generate a new plant or population of plants

38
Q

What is an auxin?

A

rooting hormone that increases rooting success

39
Q

What is micropropagation? (3 methods of vegetative propagation)

A

culture of plant tissues in sterile
culture

40
Q

What is grafting? (3 methods of vegetative propagation)

A

connecting two plant tissues together so
that they will form one composite plant

41
Q

What is scion? (grafting)

A

new tissue attached
to a plant

42
Q

What is rootstock? (grafting)

A

root system that
will support the scion

43
Q

What is germination?

A

a series of events where the seed goes from a dormant state to actively growing

44
Q

What are the pros and cons of starting a plant from seed?

A

PROS:
– Cheap
– Easy to plant large
amounts
* CONS:
– Genetics can be
variable (usually
selected against)

45
Q

What is primary dormancy?

A

seed won’t germinate despite factors present

46
Q

What are 3 ways to overcome dormancy?

A

light
stratification
scarification

47
Q

What is stratification? (overcoming dormancy)

A

exposure of seeds to cold
temperatures + moisture to enhance
germination

48
Q

What is scarification? (overcoming dormancy)

A

mechanically damaging the
outer covering on the seed

49
Q

What are different ways to sow seeds? (3)

A

Hand sowing
* Multi-row planters
* Mechanical
seeders

50
Q

What is transplanting and what must it do?

A

Movement of a plant from one location to
another (usually from propagation into the
ground)

MUST minimize stress on the transplant

51
Q

What crops are not typically transplanted?

A

Agronomic crops
* Carrots, parsnips, turnips
* Squash and other cucurbits

52
Q

What are the benefits of transplanting? (3)

A

Ensure correct spacing (seeds may not germinate)
* Decrease time to production
* Maybe be only way vegetative propagules are
planted

53
Q

What are the types of transplants? (2)

A

rootball and barefoot

54
Q

What is rootball? (transplanting)

A

Roots still intact

55
Q

What is barefoot? (transplanting)

A

Should be dormant
– Soak in water upon
receiving

56
Q

What are the modes of transplanting? (2)

A

Hand (one at a time)
* Mechanized (many)

57
Q

What is pruning?

A

The act of removing plant organs, typically stems,
to improve plant growth or appearance

58
Q

Why prune?

A

To remove dead wood
* To manipulate the plant (bonsai, espalier, topiary,
etc.)
* Plant health

59
Q

What are some pruning techniques? (3)

A

Tender shoots
– Use pruners or hedge trimmers
* Small branches ~ 1 inch
– Use loppers
* Large branches > 1 inch
– Use saw or chain saw

60
Q

Explain the 3 cut method of pruning.

A

A - partial cut between A & B
B - cut furthest from trunk
C - closest to the trunk

61
Q

What is a tree collar?

A

Region of tree where branch
emerges from tree
Meristematic
– Where wound will
heal

62
Q

What are examples of poor pruning?

A

hatracking and crape murder

Horticulture (4 decks)

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