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Horticulture > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors of plant growth?

A

water, light, temperature, soil, nutrients, and (hormones)

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the water cycle and what does each part do?

A

Evaporation: water returns to the atmosphere as a vapor

Precipitation: water falls from the atmosphere to the surface

Transpiration: water movement through a plant and its loss to the environment. Roots to plant to the environment. Low energy for the plant; atmosphere does the work

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3
Q

What are some behaviors of a water molecule?

A

tension, adhesion, cohesion, and capillary action

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4
Q

What is tension?

A

the negative pressure on water

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5
Q

What is adhesion?

A

attraction to different molecules (water to cell wall)

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6
Q

What is cohesion?

A

attraction to the same compounds (water to water)

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7
Q

What is gravitational water?

A

soil holds as much water as possible (field capacity) and it’s drained by gravity

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8
Q

What is capillary water?

A

water held in microspores is the important source of water for plants

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9
Q

What is hygroscopic water?

A

water that is held too tightly to the soil

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9
Q

What is embolism?

A

the formation of air bubbles in the stem; can happen by cutting the stem and placing the plant in a vase

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10
Q

What is flagging?

A

bulliform cells are formed causing the plant to wilt

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11
Q

What are some plant adaptations for water management?

A

root depth (plants develop deeper roots), hairs (trichomes), waxy layer, and succulent

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12
Q

What are some sources of water?

A

rain, surface water (lakes, rivers), ground water (aquifers, wells), and runoff

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13
Q

What is water quality?

A

the measure of chemical, physical, and biological factors in water
Ex: Carbonate - change pH
Mineral ions - can be toxic
Pathogens - bacteria, fungi

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14
Q

What are the 6 water delivery systems?

A

rainfall, hand watering, drip emitters or drip tape, sprinklers, center-pivot boom irrigation, and flooding

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15
Q

What are the pros and cons of rain? (Water delivery systems)

A

Pros: free
Cons: too much (flooding), too little (drought)

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16
Q

What are the pros and cons of hand-watering? (water delivery systems)

A

Pros: very controlled water application, specialized watering for plant diversity
Cons: human labor, skill required

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17
Q

What are the pros and cons of drip emitters/drip tape? (water delivery system)

A

Pros: low water use, deep soaking
Cons: limited area for watering, must have emitter/tape

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18
Q

What are the pros and cons of sprinklers? (water delivery system)

A

Pros: retractable heads, cover large area
Cons: can have large water loss which leads to evaporation and runoff

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19
Q

What are the pros and cons of center-pivot boom irrigation? (water delivery system)

A

Pros: water large areas any time of the year, increase of yield
Cons: very expensive

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20
Q

What are the pros and cons of flooding? (water delivery system)

A

Pros: large areas, soil can reach field capacity
Cons: species specific

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21
Q

What are the 3 aspects of light and what do they mean?

A

Quality: wavelengths
Quantity: amount of light
Duration: length of the day

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22
Q

What is daily light integral?

A

better measurement for total quantity of light delivered over the course of an entire day

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23
Q

What is full sun and what crops grow in full sun?

A

6+ hours of sun
Ex: corn, large scale crops

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24
Q

What is partial sun/shade and what crops grow in it?

A

2-6 hours of sun
Ex: coffee, azelias, dogwood

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25
Q

What is full shade and what crops grow in it?

A

less that 3 hours of sun
Ex: moss

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26
Q

What is etiolation?

A

stretching and bleaching of plants in low light conditions

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27
Q

What are long-day (short night) plants and what are some examples?

A

form flowers when day length is greater than 12 hours (March-Sept.)
Ex: oats and lettuce

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28
Q

What are short-day (long night) plants and what is an example?

A

form flowers when day length is less than 12 hours (Sept.-March)
Ex: poinsettas

29
Q

What are day neutral plants and what is an example?

A

no response to light levels
Ex: ever-bearing strawberries

30
Q

What are high pressure sodium lamps?

A

artificial sources; effective for lengthening light exposure, used with crops, and radiates from heat

31
Q

What are LEDs?

A

futuristic source of light; less heat radiated, focus on specific wavelengths/colors, less hazardous

32
Q

What is temperature?

A

measure of energy in air and growing soil/substrate

33
Q

What does temperature influence?

A

germination, vegetative growth, hardiness, heat tolerance of plants, chilling hours

34
Q

What is hardiness?

A

standard to determine which plants are most likely to survive and thrive at a location

35
Q

What is chilling hours?

A

measure of the exposure a plant needs to cold to successfully flower
Ex: 1 hour > 45 degrees F = 1 chill hour

36
Q

What is season extension?

A

providing crop protection from the elements (typically cold temps)

37
Q

How is water used as a season extender?

A

insulates and phase change occurs heating the crops and protects them from cold temps, cheap, used to cover large areas with sprinklers

38
Q

What is floating row cover? (season extension)

A

thin, polymer fabric used to cover a crop to offer freeze protection (temporary or short use); provides quick protection; can be used to provide insect protection

39
Q

What is a greenhouse? (season extension)

A

a permanent structure where climate modification occurs to ensure crop survival

40
Q

What are the different kinds of green houses?

A

unheated, heated, plastic, glass

41
Q

What is an unheated greenhouse?

A

simple tech and hardy cool-season crops; rely on natural heating from the sun

42
Q

What is a heated greenhouse?

A

used to protect tender crops and plants; uses much energy

43
Q

What is a plastic covered greenhouse?

A

covered by a layer of uv-resistant plastic; cheap, but must be replaced every few years; less light than glass; polyfilm

44
Q

What is a glass covered green house?

A

max amount of light; lasts much longer than plastic; breakable and more expensive

45
Q

What is soil?

A

unconsolidated, thin, variable layer of mineral and organic matter, usually biologically active, covers most of the earth’s surface

46
Q

How is soil talked about?

A

orders, horizons, and texture

47
Q

What are orders? (soil)

A

broad grouping of similar soils separated by particular morphological features

48
Q

What are horizons? (soil)

A

layers of soil that have characteristic chemical, textural, and morphological features

49
Q

Which horizon do most roots grow in?

A

(A) horizon

50
Q

What is texture? (soil)

A

classification based on soil particle size; influences nutrient and water holding capacity (sand is the biggest and clay is the smallest)

51
Q

What does having a negative charge do for soil?

A

Gives its ability to hold onto nutrients. Made of oxygen, aluminum, and silicon

52
Q

Rank from biggest to smallest. Silt, Sand, and Clay.

A

Sand, Silt, and Clay

53
Q

What is isomorphic substitution?

A

replacement of atom in soil crystal lattice that gives soil its negative charge

54
Q

What is cation exchange capacity and how is it calculated?

A

measure of cations that can be held on soil particles (Ca, Mg, K, etc.)
texture + charge

55
Q

How can we make soil better/protect soil?

A

Protect soil during house construction
Prevent Erosion
Stabilize soil using barriers and cover crops

56
Q

What are cover crops and what are their benefits?

A

crop grown between cash crops to benefit the soil
Adds organic matter
Weed control
Provide habitat for beneficial organisms
Reduce erosions
Fix nitrogen

57
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

symbiosis where bacteria fix nitrogen and the plant provides the bacteria with sugar; found in bean family

58
Q

What does no-till mean and what are the benefits and disadvantages?

A

a method where farmers allow previous crop residues to remain on the soil

Benefits:
reduced erosion
reduced labor and fuel costs
reduced water loss
improve soil health

Disadvantages:
more herbicide use
soil warms more slowly
poor incorporation of additives (amendments, chemicals, and fertilizers)

59
Q

What is soil pH?

A

measure of the acidity of the soil (hydrogen ions/H+)
influences what nutrients are available to plants; H+ competes for soil negative charge

60
Q

What is mulch and what are the benefits

A

covering of the soil surface
organic or artificial

Benefits:
conserve water
suppress weeds
cool or warm soil temp.

61
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur

62
Q

What is the ideal pH that plants grow in?

A

5.5-7.0

63
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc

64
Q

What is plant nutrition?

A

the study of and management of essential plant nutrients

65
Q

What does being essential nutrient mean?

A

Without the nutrient, the plant cannot complete its life cycle or has severe abnormalities

Another nutrient does not replace the function of the deficient nutrient

66
Q

What are the 5 sources of plant mineral nutrients?

A

Soil, Air/Lightning, Symbiotic relationships, organic matter, and fertilizer

67
Q

What are 4 ways that nutrients can get lost?

A

soil erosion
crop removal
volatilization
leaching

68
Q

How do we know when to feed plants?

A

Observations/Tests

69
Q

What are hydroponics?

A

the growing of plant without soil
controlled environment (yr round production; faster growth)
uses less water than soil based systems
use rockwool as artificial substrate
Use Hoagland solution
Approaches are nutrient film technique (NFT) or deep water culture

70
Q

What is compost?

A

the product of biological reduction of recognizable organic wastes to unrecognizable organic compounds
source of nutrients
improves water-holding capacity
moves air and water
stables soil
free

71
Q

What should be avoided in compost?

A

weed seeds
diseased plant material
meat and dairy products/fats

Horticulture (4 decks)

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