final lab Flashcards
what is the human population and how is it growing
8 billion, exponentially
type 1 survivor ship curve
most of population dies when they reach old age, modern curve, —\
type 2 survivorship curve
equal amount of death at all ages, \
type 3 survivorship curve
high infant mortality, before 1900s,
\____
growth rate formula
(birth-death)/10
population doubling formula
70/annual growth rate:
70/[(birth-death)/10]
types of energy resources
coal, wind, oil, natural gas, geothermal, wind, solar, nuclear
% efficiency formula
(light energy/total energy)x100 or
(energy out/energy in)x100
are any energy sources 100% efficient
no they all lose energy in the form of heat
biodiversity
variety of life
species diversity
diversity of different species, species richness and evenness
genetic diversity
variety of genes in a population
ecosystem diversity
variety of different ecosystems/ biomes
what is the most trafficked animal and why
pangolin, its eaten and scales are used for medicine
how are humans affected by biodiversity loss
disease outbreak and resource depletion, especially food
endangering activities HIPPO
Habitat loss*
Invasive species
People overpopulation
Pollution
Overexploitation
what is the biggest threat for extinction
habitat loss
what is the shannon index used for
to calculate the species diversity in a community
how to calculate pi in the shannon index
of individual species/# of total species
shannon index formula H’
-1(pi x ln(pi))
how to calculate H’ max
ln(total number of sepcies), subtract result from H’
what is the jacquard index used for
to compare the biodiversity of 2 ecosystems
what do the letters in the jacquard index stand for
a= number of species common in both sites
b= number of species in site A but not site B
c= number of species in site B but not site A
jacquard index formula
a/(a+b+c)
what happens to dissolved oxygen (DO) as biological oxygen demand (BOD) increases
as BOD increases, DO decreases
what happens if theres more organic waste in the water
higher BOD
how are temp and dissolved oxygen (DO) related
the lower the temp in a water body, the more oxygen it can hold
how to read a fecal coliform test
red= no e.coli
yellow= presence of e.coli
what does a buildup of N and P in water cause
eutrophication
large algal blooms–> algae dies and bacteria decompose algae–> decrease oxygen
Bioretention
vegetated areas that mimic the natural movement of water to absorb & slow runoff and recharge groundwater
Stormwater planters
boxed bioretention areas that collect/absorb runoff
Permeable pavement
porous pavement that allows precipitation/runoff to seep through the surface to underlying layers of soil and gravel
Green roofs
covered with growing vegetation to capture & absorb rainwater, then slowly release it through drains and evapotranspiration
Rainwater harvesting
systems capture rainwater to be used later for irrigation or non-potable water needs
hypoxia
a dangerous condition that occurs when the body’s tissues don’t have enough oxygen
Threats to Water Quality
chemicals such as fertilizers (Eutrophication), sediments, heat, pathogens, coliform
point source
one direct source causing water pollution
nonpoint source
variety of sources, hard to trace
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
concentration of free oxygen in the water
Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
oxygen consumed by decomposers
is stormwater a point source or a nonpoint source
nonpoint
Shock loading
Sudden & dramatic increase in wastewater input
how does the jaccard index work
the closer the result is to 1, the more similar the ecosystems
the closer the result is to 0, the less similar the ecosystems
two major threats to freshwater
wasteful use, water polution
