final lab Flashcards

1
Q

what is the human population and how is it growing

A

8 billion, exponentially

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2
Q

type 1 survivor ship curve

A

most of population dies when they reach old age, modern curve, —\

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3
Q

type 2 survivorship curve

A

equal amount of death at all ages, \

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4
Q

type 3 survivorship curve

A

high infant mortality, before 1900s,
\____

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5
Q

growth rate formula

A

(birth-death)/10

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6
Q

population doubling formula

A

70/annual growth rate:
70/[(birth-death)/10]

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7
Q

types of energy resources

A

coal, wind, oil, natural gas, geothermal, wind, solar, nuclear

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8
Q

% efficiency formula

A

(light energy/total energy)x100 or
(energy out/energy in)x100

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8
Q

are any energy sources 100% efficient

A

no they all lose energy in the form of heat

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9
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of life

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10
Q

species diversity

A

diversity of different species, species richness and evenness

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11
Q

genetic diversity

A

variety of genes in a population

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12
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

variety of different ecosystems/ biomes

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13
Q

what is the most trafficked animal and why

A

pangolin, its eaten and scales are used for medicine

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14
Q

how are humans affected by biodiversity loss

A

disease outbreak and resource depletion, especially food

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15
Q

endangering activities HIPPO

A

Habitat loss*
Invasive species
People overpopulation
Pollution
Overexploitation

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16
Q

what is the biggest threat for extinction

A

habitat loss

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17
Q

what is the shannon index used for

A

to calculate the species diversity in a community

18
Q

how to calculate pi in the shannon index

A

of individual species/# of total species

19
Q

shannon index formula H’

A

-1(pi x ln(pi))

20
Q

how to calculate H’ max

A

ln(total number of sepcies), subtract result from H’

21
Q

what is the jacquard index used for

A

to compare the biodiversity of 2 ecosystems

22
Q

what do the letters in the jacquard index stand for

A

a= number of species common in both sites
b= number of species in site A but not site B
c= number of species in site B but not site A

23
Q

jacquard index formula

24
what happens to dissolved oxygen (DO) as biological oxygen demand (BOD) increases
as BOD increases, DO decreases
25
what happens if theres more organic waste in the water
higher BOD
26
how are temp and dissolved oxygen (DO) related
the lower the temp in a water body, the more oxygen it can hold
27
how to read a fecal coliform test
red= no e.coli yellow= presence of e.coli
28
what does a buildup of N and P in water cause
eutrophication large algal blooms--> algae dies and bacteria decompose algae--> decrease oxygen
29
Bioretention
vegetated areas that mimic the natural movement of water to absorb & slow runoff and recharge groundwater
30
Stormwater planters
boxed bioretention areas that collect/absorb runoff
31
Permeable pavement
porous pavement that allows precipitation/runoff to seep through the surface to underlying layers of soil and gravel
32
Green roofs
covered with growing vegetation to capture & absorb rainwater, then slowly release it through drains and evapotranspiration
33
Rainwater harvesting
systems capture rainwater to be used later for irrigation or non-potable water needs
34
hypoxia
a dangerous condition that occurs when the body's tissues don't have enough oxygen
35
Threats to Water Quality
chemicals such as fertilizers (Eutrophication), sediments, heat, pathogens, coliform
36
point source
one direct source causing water pollution
37
nonpoint source
variety of sources, hard to trace
38
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
concentration of free oxygen in the water
39
Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
oxygen consumed by decomposers
40
is stormwater a point source or a nonpoint source
nonpoint
41
Shock loading
Sudden & dramatic increase in wastewater input
42
how does the jaccard index work
the closer the result is to 1, the more similar the ecosystems the closer the result is to 0, the less similar the ecosystems
43
two major threats to freshwater
wasteful use, water polution