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final lab Flashcards

1
Q

what is the human population and how is it growing

A

8 billion, exponentially

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2
Q

type 1 survivor ship curve

A

most of population dies when they reach old age, modern curve, —\

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3
Q

type 2 survivorship curve

A

equal amount of death at all ages, \

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4
Q

type 3 survivorship curve

A

high infant mortality, before 1900s,
\____

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5
Q

growth rate formula

A

(birth-death)/10

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6
Q

population doubling formula

A

70/annual growth rate:
70/[(birth-death)/10]

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7
Q

types of energy resources

A

coal, wind, oil, natural gas, geothermal, wind, solar, nuclear

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8
Q

% efficiency formula

A

(light energy/total energy)x100 or
(energy out/energy in)x100

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8
Q

are any energy sources 100% efficient

A

no they all lose energy in the form of heat

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9
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of life

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10
Q

species diversity

A

diversity of different species, species richness and evenness

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11
Q

genetic diversity

A

variety of genes in a population

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12
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

variety of different ecosystems/ biomes

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13
Q

what is the most trafficked animal and why

A

pangolin, its eaten and scales are used for medicine

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14
Q

how are humans affected by biodiversity loss

A

disease outbreak and resource depletion, especially food

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15
Q

endangering activities HIPPO

A

Habitat loss*
Invasive species
People overpopulation
Pollution
Overexploitation

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16
Q

what is the biggest threat for extinction

A

habitat loss

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17
Q

what is the shannon index used for

A

to calculate the species diversity in a community

18
Q

how to calculate pi in the shannon index

A

of individual species/# of total species

19
Q

shannon index formula H’

A

-1(pi x ln(pi))

20
Q

how to calculate H’ max

A

ln(total number of sepcies), subtract result from H’

21
Q

what is the jacquard index used for

A

to compare the biodiversity of 2 ecosystems

22
Q

what do the letters in the jacquard index stand for

A

a= number of species common in both sites
b= number of species in site A but not site B
c= number of species in site B but not site A

23
Q

jacquard index formula

A

a/(a+b+c)

24
Q

what happens to dissolved oxygen (DO) as biological oxygen demand (BOD) increases

A

as BOD increases, DO decreases

25
Q

what happens if theres more organic waste in the water

A

higher BOD

26
Q

how are temp and dissolved oxygen (DO) related

A

the lower the temp in a water body, the more oxygen it can hold

27
Q

how to read a fecal coliform test

A

red= no e.coli
yellow= presence of e.coli

28
Q

what does a buildup of N and P in water cause

A

eutrophication
large algal blooms–> algae dies and bacteria decompose algae–> decrease oxygen

29
Q

Bioretention

A

vegetated areas that mimic the natural movement of water to absorb & slow runoff and recharge groundwater

30
Q

Stormwater planters

A

boxed bioretention areas that collect/absorb runoff

31
Q

Permeable pavement

A

porous pavement that allows precipitation/runoff to seep through the surface to underlying layers of soil and gravel

32
Q

Green roofs

A

covered with growing vegetation to capture & absorb rainwater, then slowly release it through drains and evapotranspiration

33
Q

Rainwater harvesting

A

systems capture rainwater to be used later for irrigation or non-potable water needs

34
Q

hypoxia

A

a dangerous condition that occurs when the body’s tissues don’t have enough oxygen

35
Q

Threats to Water Quality

A

chemicals such as fertilizers (Eutrophication), sediments, heat, pathogens, coliform

36
Q

point source

A

one direct source causing water pollution

37
Q

nonpoint source

A

variety of sources, hard to trace

38
Q

Dissolved oxygen (DO)

A

concentration of free oxygen in the water

39
Q

Biological oxygen demand (BOD)

A

oxygen consumed by decomposers

40
Q

is stormwater a point source or a nonpoint source

A

nonpoint

41
Q

Shock loading

A

Sudden & dramatic increase in wastewater input

42
Q

how does the jaccard index work

A

the closer the result is to 1, the more similar the ecosystems
the closer the result is to 0, the less similar the ecosystems

43
Q

two major threats to freshwater

A

wasteful use, water polution

esc 1500 (4 decks)

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