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exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

narrow spectrum pesticides

A

kill a specific organism

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2
Q

broad spectrum pesticides

A

kill a wide variety of organisms

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3
Q

1st generation pesticides (pre 1940s)

A

naturally derived compounds.
minerals and heavy metals, botanicals

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4
Q

minerals and heavy metals

A

As, Pb, Hg
persistent and highly toxic to humans

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5
Q

botanicals

A

nicotine, pyrethrin
not persistent, toxic to aquatic organisms and pollinators

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6
Q

2nd generation pesticides

A

Post WWII
synthetic ex: DDT

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7
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (e.g. DDT)

A

Persistent, broad spectrum
banned or restricted

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8
Q

Organophosphates (e.g. malathion)

A

not persistent, broad spectrum, most toxic, used in agriculture

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9
Q

Carbamates (e.g. carbaryl)

A

not persistent, broad spectrum, less toxic, less effective

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10
Q

Selective herbicides

A

kill specific plants
broad leaf and grass herbicides
2,4-D

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11
Q

non selective herbicides

A

kill all vegetation
Glyphosate
toxic to amphibians

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12
Q

glyphospate

A

epa declared unlikely carcinogen

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13
Q

PFAS

A

added to pesticides to make them last longer

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14
Q

benefits of pesticides

A

disease control (ticks and mites) and crop protection (save $)

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15
Q

how to deal with pesticide resistance

A

sacrifice plants, mechanical weed removal, introduce natural predators

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16
Q

problems with pesticides

A

genetic resistance, kill non target species, environmental mobility, human health risks

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17
Q

environmental mobility of pesticides

A

found in surface water such as streams and drinking water
found in antarctic krill

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18
Q

short term exposure to high levels

A

harms organs, nervous system, potentially deadly

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19
Q

long term exposure to low levels

A

sterility, cancer, birth defects, miscarriage, slowed development, parkinsons disease

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20
Q

cultivation alternatives to pesticides

A

intercropping, embrace weeds, crop rotation

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21
Q

biological alternatives to pesticides

A

use natural predators but may become invasive

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22
Q

pheromone and hormones alternative

A

pheromones used to lure insects into traps

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23
Q

reproductive control alternative

A

sterilize males with radiation, chemicals, or genetic alternation

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24
Q

genetic control alternative

A

genetically modified crops

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25
Q

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A

uses sustainable methods to reduce pesticide use and save money

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26
Q

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

A

persistent, toxic chems that bioaccumulate & can travel long distances

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27
Q

One benefit of using a machine like a “bug vacuum” to remove pests from crop plants is:

A

it fertilizes crops while also removing pests.

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28
Q

_______ is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that that weakens egg shells and is no longer used in most developed nations.

A

DDT

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29
Q

Stockholm Convention on POPs (2004)

A

requires countries develop plans to eliminate the production & use of POPs

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30
Q

Sewage

A

Wastewater from drains or sewers that includes human wastes, soaps & detergents

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31
Q

Fecal coliform tests

A

detect presence of E. coli in the water

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32
Q

Sediment Pollution

A

Excessive amounts of suspended soil particles that eventually settle out & accumulate

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33
Q

what does sewage in water lead to

A

carries disease and leads to eutrophication, increases BOD

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34
Q

what do sediments in water lead to

A

increases turbidity which limits light penetration
Covers/smothers aquatic organisms
Carries insoluble toxins into waterways

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35
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Chemicals that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms

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36
Q

Organic Compound examples

A

Natural: sugars, amino acids, oils
Human-made: pesticides, plastics, pharmaceuticals, solvents, industrial chemicals

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37
Q

Endocrine disruptors (hormones)

A

adversely affect amphibians

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38
Q

Inorganic Nutrients

A

Nutrients like N & P that stimulate the growth of plants & algae

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39
Q

Toxic Metals

A

mercury, lead, arsenic
come from Mines, oil drilling, urban run-off, air pollution

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40
Q

Mercury (Hg) sources

A

Coal-fired power plants, municipal & medical waste incinerators, metal smelting, industrial processes

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41
Q

Lead (Pb)

A

old lead paint, industrial pollutants, leaded gas, lead pipes

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42
Q

flint water pollution

A

flint didn’t use OCCT and only tested low risk areas for lead

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43
Q

Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment (OCCT)

A

prevents lead in pipes from leaching into tap water

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44
Q

flint water pollution

A

flint didn’t use OCCT and only tested low risk areas for lead

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45
Q

Safe Drinking Water Act

A

requires testing of tap water in high risk areas

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46
Q

Thermal Pollution

A

Occurs when heated water produced during industrial processes is released into waterways
leads to high BOD and lowered DO

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47
Q

Point Source Pollution

A

pollution can be traced back to a single source

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48
Q

Nonpoint Source Pollution

A

pollution comes from a variety of areas and is hard to trace

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49
Q

Agriculture water pollution

A

leading source of water pollution
Fertilizer, Organic compounds, Chemical pesticides, Soil erosion

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50
Q

Municipal Water Pollution

A

sewer and urban runoff are combined and dumped into rivers

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51
Q

Groundwater Pollution

A

Pollutants: pesticides, fertilizers, organic compounds, inorganic chemicals
Sources: Landfills, Undergrounds storage tanks (USTs), & agricultural land

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52
Q

Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)

A

Sets uniform federal standards for drinking water including maximum contaminant level

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53
Q

Clean Water Act (1972)

A

Sets limits on PS & some NPS pollution
violators are fined

54
Q

Industrial Wastes in Water: food processing plants

A

food processing plants -> organic compounds -> high BOD

55
Q

Industrial Wastes in Water: paper mills

A

paper mills -> toxic metals and sludge -> High BOD & toxic

56
Q

Industrial Wastes in Water: electronics

A

Electronics -> toxic metals -> Toxic, but can be reprocessed & sold

57
Q

The “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico is:

A

an area with low dissolved oxygen levels caused by excessive decomposition of algae.

58
Q

“Dead zones” can be reversed through:

A

restoring wetlands within the watershed

59
Q

Which of the following is an UNLIKELY result of thermal pollution?

A

lower metabolism rates in fish.

60
Q

Inorganic nutrients:

A

can be found in groundwater and surface water.

61
Q

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act helps prevent groundwater contamination by regulating the:

A

storage and disposal of hazardous wastes, including USTs

62
Q

Insoluble ‘hitchhiker pollutants’ enter surface waters via

A

sediment pollution

63
Q

atmosphere composition

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, >1% CO2

64
Q

Primary Air Pollutant

A

a harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere

65
Q

Secondary Air Pollutant

A

a new compound that is formed in the atmosphere when a 1°pollutant reacts with other substances

66
Q

1° Pollutants

A

carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide

67
Q

2° Pollutants

A

sulfur trioxide (SO3), ozone (O3)

68
Q

CO2

A

greenhouse gas leads to climate change

69
Q

CO carbon monoxide

A

reduces oxygen in the body, indirect greenhouse gas

70
Q

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

A

Nitric oxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Nitrous oxide (N2O)*
Produced when atmospheric nitrogen & oxygen react at high temperatures

71
Q

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): trophosphere

A

inhibits plant growth, airway constriction, photochemical smog, acid deposition, global warming*

72
Q

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Stratosphere

A

deplete ozone layer

73
Q

Particulate Matter (PM)

A

soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea salt, & sulfuric acid droplets

74
Q

Particulate Matter (PM) effects

A

Scatters & absorbs light, Corrodes metal, erodes rock, soils clothing, cancer, particles in lungs

75
Q

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

A

hydrocarbons such as methane, linked to photochemical smog

76
Q

sulfur dioxide (SO2)

A

Produced by chemical reaction between sulfur and oxygen
creates sulfur trioxide, leads to acid rain

77
Q

sulfur trioxide (SO3)

A

2°, derived from SO2, acid rain

78
Q

ozone O3

A

belongs in stratosphere
photochemical smog, respiratory irritant, plant irritant, greenhouse gas

79
Q

Industrial Smog

A

Smoke pollution that is usually caused by SOx & PM

80
Q

Photochemical Smog

A

Brownish-orange haze formed when sunlight catalyzes chemicals reactions between NOx & VOCs to form O3 &
other pollutants

81
Q

two main sources of air pollution

A

Transportation and Industry & Electricity

82
Q

Transportation

A

nonpoint
NOx, carbon oxides, PM, VOCs

83
Q

Industry & Electricity

A

point source
fossil fuel combustion
Toxic pollutants: chemical, metals, & paper industry

84
Q

Thermal Inversions

A

Instead of rising & circulating, pollutants remain trapped near the Earth’s surface

85
Q

where does topography cause thermal inversion

A

Valleys, leeward side of mountains, coastlines

86
Q

Global Distillation Effect

A

When chemicals evaporate from land and are transported to higher latitudes where they condense and fall

Causes a build up of persistent pollutants at higher latitudes

87
Q

abiotic effects air pollution

A

Reduced visibility (smog), corrosion, acid deposition, climate change, ozone depletion

88
Q

biotic effects air pollution

A

Reduced plant productivity, respiratory & cardiovascular problems, toxic effects, UV damage, forest decline, death

89
Q

what causes forest decline

A

acid deposition changes soil chemistry, ozone damage increases temp

90
Q

who is at the highest risk of health problems from air pollution

A

children, more likely to get asthma

91
Q

The Clean Air Act (1970)

A

Authorizes EPA to set limits on amount of specific air pollutants permitted in the US

92
Q

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

A

International treaty for GHG emissions reduction

93
Q

Paris Climate Agreement (2016)

A

International agreement to limit the global rise in temperature to 1.5°C primarily through GHG reduction

94
Q

Montreal Protocol (1987)

A

International treaty to phase out CFCs and other ozone depleting pollutants

95
Q

key culprit of ozone depletion

A

CFCs
UV-B rays break CFCs Releasing Cl- ions, Cl- ions break down O3

96
Q

Ozone Background Info

A

O3 naturally breaks & reforms in the Stratosphere
O3 absorbs UV-B radiation & this causes it to breakdown

97
Q

PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE

A

Though you are not 100% sure of what is causing a problem, there is a big risk to “doing nothing.”

98
Q

Adaptive management

A

A plan that allows you to alter strategies as new info arises or the situation changes

99
Q

reducing air pollution: transportation

A

decrease fossil fuel dependence
Increase fuel efficiency
Hybrid/Electric vehicles
public transportation

100
Q

ways to reduce air pollution

A

Recovery of VOCs at the pump and USTs
Carbon Capture & Storage
Smokestack technologies
Reducing the release of air pollutants from soil

101
Q

Dangerous levels of toxic compounds have been measured in pristine arctic regions due to the:

A

global distillation effect.

102
Q

Which of the following pollutants is a greenhouse gas that is also capable of ozone depletion?

A

nitrous oxide (N2O)

103
Q

The main reason air pollution is a greater health threat to children than it is to adults is because:

A

children breathe more air per pound of body weight than adults

104
Q

Automobiles do not release significant quantities of the following into the atmosphere:

A

sulfur oxides

105
Q

Infrared Radiation (IR)

A

radiation that is invisible but we can feel as heat

106
Q

Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

A

Gas that traps heat in our atmosphere by absorbing outgoing infrared radiation and emitting it in all directions

107
Q

Radiative forcing

A

Incoming Energy – Outgoing E
The difference between incoming and outgoing radiation

108
Q

Joseph Fourier

A

notes Earth should be much colder based on its distance from sun
Proposes atmosphere is heating Earth (Greenhouse Effect)

109
Q

John Tyndall

A

provides evidence for the GH Effect by measuring heat trapping ability of various gases
IDs major GHGs

110
Q

Svante Arrhenius

A

calculates extent to which excess CO2 increases Earth’s temperature
Proposes humans are producing enough CO2 emissions to cause global warming

111
Q

Keeling Curve: Charles David Keeling

A

begins directly measuring atm. CO2

112
Q

how much have CO2 levels increased since the industrial revolution

A

from 280 ppm to 425 ppm

113
Q

how much faster has the earth warmed in the last 50 years

A

2x as much

114
Q

how is increasing CO2 different now than it was in the past

A

past: natural events released CO2 which triggered warming
now: humans release CO2 which triggers warming

115
Q

how much warmer is the global temp now than it was in the 20th century

A

1.8° F

116
Q

why has there been an increase in extreme weather events

A

As evaporation increases
Coastal areas wetter, continental interiors drier
Storm intensity increases

117
Q

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

A

Concentration of GHGs is increasing due to human activities and these excess gases are causing excess warming

118
Q

Milankovitch cycles

A

predictable long-term cycles of Earth’s position relative to the Sun
earth is supposed to be cooler currently according to these cycles

119
Q

why are sea levels rising

A

Land Ice is melting, ocean thermal expansion

120
Q

effects of permafrost melting

A

Releasing CO2 and CH4
Subsidence & landslides

121
Q

where are species ranges shifting

A

higher latitudes and higher altitudes

122
Q

Phenological spring changes

A

comes one week earlier

123
Q

how is phenological synchrony being disrupted

A

community relationships between animals who wake up based on time and animals who wake up based on temp are uncoupling

124
Q

whats happening to invasive and disease carrying insects due to climate change

A

their ranges are expanding

125
Q

whats happening to coral reefs because of climate change and why

A

coral reefs are bleaching because of ocean warming and ocean acidification

126
Q

Mitigation

A

any action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risks/hazards of climate change

127
Q

Adaptation

A

adjustment to changes caused by climate change

128
Q

The group of air pollutants that tends to cool the atmosphere by reflecting sunlight back into space are known collectively as:

A

atmospheric aerosols.

129
Q

Carbon capture and storage is an example of?

A

mitigation

130
Q

What indicates the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere before large scale use of fossil fuels began?

A

preindustrial CO2 level

131
Q

Gases that absorb infrared radiation include all of the following except:

A

sulfur dioxide (SO2)

esc 1500 (4 decks)

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