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exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-agricultural

A

Takes 10’s of 1,000s of yrs for population to double in size

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2
Q

Agricultural

A

Improvements in food supply and nutrition. Takes <10K yrs for pop to double.

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3
Q

Industrial

A

Life expectancy increases due to advancements that increase food supply and medicine. Doubling time is now decades, not millennia

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4
Q

why is human population growth not always desirable

A

Growth that outpaces the food supply will lead to famine, disease and war -malthus

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5
Q

Consumption overpopulation

A

Each individual in a population consumes too large a share of the resources. Highly developed nations

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6
Q

Ecological footprint

A

The average amount of land, water and ocean required to (sustainably) provide a person with all the resources they consume

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7
Q

Developing Nations

A

Use fewer resources per person than developed nations. Higher population growth

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8
Q

Developed Nations

A

Use more resources per person. Lower pop. growth

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9
Q
  1. Pre-industrial Stage
A

Birth and death rates high, modest population growth

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10
Q
  1. Transitional Stage (industrializing)
A

Death rate declines, rapid population growth rate

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11
Q
  1. Industrial Stage (mature industrial)
A

Birth rate declines, population growth slows, esp. near end of stage

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12
Q
  1. Postindustrial Stage
A

Low birth and death rates, population growth very slow or in decline

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13
Q

Age Structure

A

The distribution of a population’s males
and females by age class

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14
Q

Population Growth Momentum

A

the potential for future increase or decrease in a population based on the present age structure

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15
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

the average # of children born to each woman in a population

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16
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

The total fertility rate necessary to replace those dying in a population

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17
Q

Reasons for High TFRs

A

Tradition, Infant/child mortality, Child labor for family livelihood, Religious beliefs, Gender inequality

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18
Q

Single most important factor affecting high TFR

A

Gender Inequality

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19
Q

When gender inequality is high, for
women, marriage can offer

A

improved social status, Economic security

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20
Q

how does age upon marriage affect TFR

A

the younger you get married, the more kids you have

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21
Q

Family Planning Services

A

offer information to both men and women on sexuality, contraception, STDs, and parenting

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22
Q

china vs mexico population reduction policies

A

china: one child policy, doesn’t have enough young people now, skewed gender ratio
mexico: education reform, FPSs, better health care; TFR dropped

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23
Q

Effects of negative population growth momentum or a high percentage of elderly

A

reduces productive workforce, Increases tax burden, Strains social systems like healthcare, pensions, social security

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24
Q

government policies to reduce TFR

A

Increasing age of retirement
* Decreasing benefits for elderly
* Balancing age structure by:
– Encouraging immigration
– Offering incentives for having children

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25
Q

Developing countries TFR

A

Increase $$ allotted to pubic health & FPSs
* Increase average level of education
* Increase gender equality through education

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26
Q

Developed countries TFR

A

Provide financial support to developing nations
* Support R&D for contraceptives and disease
prevention
* Address our own over population problem: overconsumption

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27
Q

species diversity

A

variety of species taking into account species richness and evenness

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28
Q

genetic diversity

A

variety of genes within a population

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29
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

variety of ecosystems in an area

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30
Q

species richness

A

total number of species in an area

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31
Q

species evenness

A

the relative abundance of each individual species in an area

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32
Q

are simple or complex ecosystems more affected by a loss. what does genetic diversity help withstand

A

simple because genetic diversity helps withstand adversity

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33
Q

why is biodiversity important to humans

A

food, shelter, clothes, medicine, pollination, biological processes

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34
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

incorporation of genes from one organism into a different species genes

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35
Q

Ecosystem services

A

important environmental benefits that ecosystems provide to all life, including people

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36
Q

Natural Selection

A

the tendency of organisms with traits that are favorable to their environment to survive and pass those traits on to the next generation

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37
Q

Darwin’s theory of natural selection is based on what four observations

A

heritable variation, overproduction, struggle for existence, Differential Success & Reproduction

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38
Q

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: Heritability of Acquired Characteristics

A

Proposed that organisms pass traits acquired during their lifetime to offspring

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39
Q

Overproduction of species

A

Each species has the capacity to produce more offspring than will survive to maturity

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40
Q

Struggle for Existence

A

organisms compete for resources which limits population growth

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41
Q

Differential Success and Reproduction

A

offspring with more favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

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42
Q

Darwin’s Hypothesis

A

in the struggle for existence, variations that are favorable to survival are preserved and passed on, while unfavorable variations decline or are eliminated. The end result is adaptation

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43
Q

background extinction

A

Continuous low-level extinction of spp.

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44
Q

mass extinction

A

elevated level of extinction over a short period of time

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45
Q

Endangered

A

species at immediate risk of extinction

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46
Q

Threatened

A

species who is at risk of endangerment

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47
Q

Extinction Vulnerability factors

A

small range, range too large, island habitat, low reproductive rates, specialized breeding or feeding areas

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48
Q

Where is Declining Biodiversity the Greatest Problem

A

US: Hawaii
Globally: tropical rainforests

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49
Q

species endangering activities HIPPO

A

Habitat loss*
Invasive species
People overpopulation
Pollution
Overexploitation

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50
Q

most endangering activity

A

habitat loss

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51
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A

Break up of large continuous areas of habitat into small isolated areas. creates edge effects and depletes core habitats threatening core species.

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52
Q

Invasive species

A

spp. introduced into an ecosystem in which they did not evolve and threatens the ecosystem

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53
Q

brown tree snake invasion

A

killed all the birds in guam which rapidly increased the spider population

54
Q

Indicator species

A

species that provide an early warning of environmental problems. frogs and lichen

55
Q

Overhunting

A

Unregulated hunting

56
Q

Poaching

A

Illegal hunting of protected animals

57
Q

Commercial Harvest

A

the collection & sale of live organisms from nature

58
Q

An example of an invasive species that has wreaked havoc within the United States is the

A

Hemlock woolly adelgid

59
Q

Conservation Biology

A

Scientific study of how humans impact organisms, protect biodiversity, focus on endangered species

60
Q

what do conservation biologists do

A

protecting habitats, restoring habitats, captive breeding and species storage (seed banks)

61
Q

Biodiversity Hotspots

A

Relatively small areas of land that contain an exceptional # of endemic spp.

62
Q

single species approach

A

Focused on specific threats to one individual sp, caused endangered species act, used by early conservation programs

63
Q

Species Survival Plans

A

use breeding programs (artificial insemination, embryo transfer) to maximize genetic diversity, reintroduce organisms back to their natural habitat

64
Q

ecosystem approach

A

modern approach, protects entire habitats, nature preserves, increases biodiversity overall

65
Q

single species approach problem

A

only protects charismatic (cute species) like pandas

66
Q

metrics to assess ecosystem quality

A

species richness and evenness, water quality, soil health, non native species abundance

67
Q

Habitat Corridors

A

strips of habitat that connect isolated habitat fragments, allow animals to move between habitat fragments, must be wide

68
Q

Restoration ecology

A

returning a human-damaged ecosystem to its former state, expensive

69
Q

Wildlife Management

A

Management of wild species and their habitats, primarily focus on common species instead of endangered

70
Q

example of a species that became extinct due to overexploitation

A

carolina parakeet

71
Q

Deforestation of tropical rainforests is primarily due to

A

agriculture

72
Q

Which of the following is an example of a species that was threatened historically due to overexploitation?

A

bison

73
Q

Grain Stock

A

grains stored from previous harvests to be used during poor harvests and rising prices

74
Q

what leads to a decline in grain stock

A

climate change, more grain being used for livestock and ethanol

75
Q

problem with livestock

A

nutritious but energy inefficient

76
Q

Food insecurity

A

state of fear of not being able to acquire sufficient food

77
Q

Malnutrition

A

The impairment of health due to eating too much or too little food

78
Q

Malnutrition:Undernourishment

A

lack of nutrients or calories that leaves the body weak and susceptible to disease

79
Q

Malnourishment:Overnutrition

A

Malnutrition caused by an overconsumption of calories that leaves the body susceptible to disease

80
Q

Industrialized Agriculture

A
  • Large mechanized farms
  • Large amts of pesticides,
    fertilizers, water, & fossil fuel
  • Most common in industrialized
    nations
  • 25% of worldwide cropland use
81
Q

Industrialized Agriculture pros

A

Produces the most food & capital

82
Q

Industrialized Agriculture cons

A
  • Uses the most E
  • Most environmentally damaging
83
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A
  • produce enough
    food for the family & some to sell
  • Most common in developing
    nations
  • Manual labor & traditional methods: shifting cultivation, slash & burn, and nomadic herding
84
Q

Subsistence Agriculture cons

A

Produces less yield & less capital
Uses more labor and land

85
Q

Sustainable Agriculture

A

maintain soil productivity and ecological balance
Moderate to high yield, low impact
use crops adapted for their region

86
Q

Monoculture

A

standard in industrialized agriculture
cultivation of only 1 type of plant over a
large area

87
Q

Polyculture

A

common in Subsistence Agriculture
cultivation of several types of plants over the same area

88
Q

dealing with pesticide resistance in bugs

A

Delay resistance by sacrificing some plants
Introduce & support natural predator populations

89
Q

what happens with Increased pesticide use

A

pesticide treadmill

90
Q

problems with agriculture

A

pesticide resistance, loss of genetic diversity, Hormones & Antibiotics, GMOs, declines in soil quality and quantity

91
Q

Germplasm

A

Any plant or animal material that could be used in breeding

92
Q

Livestock Factories

A

large buildings with dense animal populations, lots get sick

93
Q

gmo benefits

A

resistant to herbicides, pests, and droughts
more nutritious

94
Q

opposition to gmos

A

fear, effects on pollinators, interbreeding with wild species, genetic resistance in pests, ownership issues

95
Q

The greatest use for cereal grains in the highly developed countries is to

A

feed livestock

96
Q

Modern cultivation methods combined with high-yielding varieties of certain popular crops to increase the amount of food produced per designated area characterizes:

A

green revolution

97
Q

We are preserving older varieties of germplasm in storage vaults because:

A

Older plant and animal varieties may have adaptations that have been lost in more modern varieties.

98
Q

The two areas of the world with the greatest food insecurity are:

A

South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

99
Q

shifting cultivation

A

A type of subsistence agriculture which requires large tracts of land and consists of short periods of cultivation followed by lengthened fallow periods

100
Q

what percent of people suffer from food insecurity

A

25%

101
Q

Distribution of Water

A

Oceans (97.5%), Freshwater (2.5%) mostly ice

102
Q

Surface water

A

water that remains on Earth’s surface and does not seep down through the soil

103
Q

Watershed (drainage basin)

A

a land area that drains water to a specific body of water, such as a lake, river, or bay

104
Q

Groundwater

A

freshwater that’s accumulated underground above an impermeable layer of rock or clay

105
Q

Aquifer

A

a water-saturated underground reservoir where groundwater is stored

106
Q

Water table

A

upper limit of an aquifer, below which the ground is saturated

107
Q

Global Water Usage

A

Agriculture ~ 70%
Industry ~ 20%
Domestic ~ 10%

108
Q

Human-induced flood problems

A
  1. Removing plant cover from soil for agriculture & development
  2. Draining wetlands
  3. Building in floodplains
  4. River channelization
109
Q

River channelization

A

straight channels flow much faster, can cause flooding

110
Q

Human induced water shortage problems

A
  1. Drought
  2. Irrigation depletes surface water & ground water
  3. Aquifer depletion
111
Q

what does aquifer depletion lead to

A

subsidence (sinkholes) and saltwater intrusion

112
Q

groundwater vs aquifer

A

Groundwater is water that fills the spaces in underground rock and sediment, while an aquifer is a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater

113
Q

what percent of freshwater is usable

A

.5%

114
Q

Water shortages in West & Southwest

A

Decreased snowfall is contributing to shortage
Water is diverted & transported via aqueducts

115
Q

Mono Lake (Eastern CA)

A

rivers feeding the lake are diverted to CA
Decreasing in size & Becoming highly saline
Court ordered water diversion reduction

116
Q

Colorado River

A

important source of water and hydropower
no longer reaches gulf of CA

117
Q

Lake Mead

A

dropped 130 ft

118
Q

Ogallala Aquifer

A

largest aquifer in the world
Water withdrawn for agriculture faster than it can be replenished

119
Q

what global water problems are caused by climate change

A

Increased rainfall in some areas, less rainfall in others
Sea level rise: Ocean thermal expansion, ice melt
Reduced snowfall

120
Q

how does pop growth affect water supply

A

depletes water supply leaving less drinking water

121
Q

how much human illness is caused by water issues

A

80%

122
Q

how do dams increase water supply

A

Ensure year-round supply of water with regulated flow

123
Q

how can diverting water increase water supply

A

by diverting it to areas that are water deficient

124
Q

how does desalination increase water supply

A

through distillation and reverse osmosis

125
Q

Distillation

A

salt water is evaporated, and water
vapor is condensed into freshwater; salt remains behind and can be toxic

126
Q

Reverse Osmosis

A

salt water is forced through a membrane that’s permeable to water, but not to salt

127
Q

Toilet to Tap

A

recycling toilet water into usable water

128
Q

recycling gray water

A

water that has already been used once, but can be reused, not from toilet

129
Q

how does water conservation increase water suppy

A

reducing agricultural waste, reducing industrial water waste, conserving water at home

130
Q

One way to make agricultural water use more sustainable is through:

A

microirrigation

131
Q

Orange County, CA is dealing with its water shortage problem by

A

toilet to tap

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