exam 3 Flashcards
Pre-agricultural
Takes 10’s of 1,000s of yrs for population to double in size
Agricultural
Improvements in food supply and nutrition. Takes <10K yrs for pop to double.
Industrial
Life expectancy increases due to advancements that increase food supply and medicine. Doubling time is now decades, not millennia
why is human population growth not always desirable
Growth that outpaces the food supply will lead to famine, disease and war -malthus
Consumption overpopulation
Each individual in a population consumes too large a share of the resources. Highly developed nations
Ecological footprint
The average amount of land, water and ocean required to (sustainably) provide a person with all the resources they consume
Developing Nations
Use fewer resources per person than developed nations. Higher population growth
Developed Nations
Use more resources per person. Lower pop. growth
- Pre-industrial Stage
Birth and death rates high, modest population growth
- Transitional Stage (industrializing)
Death rate declines, rapid population growth rate
- Industrial Stage (mature industrial)
Birth rate declines, population growth slows, esp. near end of stage
- Postindustrial Stage
Low birth and death rates, population growth very slow or in decline
Age Structure
The distribution of a population’s males
and females by age class
Population Growth Momentum
the potential for future increase or decrease in a population based on the present age structure
Total Fertility Rate
the average # of children born to each woman in a population
Replacement level fertility
The total fertility rate necessary to replace those dying in a population
Reasons for High TFRs
Tradition, Infant/child mortality, Child labor for family livelihood, Religious beliefs, Gender inequality
Single most important factor affecting high TFR
Gender Inequality
When gender inequality is high, for
women, marriage can offer
improved social status, Economic security
how does age upon marriage affect TFR
the younger you get married, the more kids you have
Family Planning Services
offer information to both men and women on sexuality, contraception, STDs, and parenting
china vs mexico population reduction policies
china: one child policy, doesn’t have enough young people now, skewed gender ratio
mexico: education reform, FPSs, better health care; TFR dropped
Effects of negative population growth momentum or a high percentage of elderly
reduces productive workforce, Increases tax burden, Strains social systems like healthcare, pensions, social security
government policies to reduce TFR
Increasing age of retirement
* Decreasing benefits for elderly
* Balancing age structure by:
– Encouraging immigration
– Offering incentives for having children