Final Info- Ch.10 Aging

Question 1

pupil changes with age

Answer 1

pupil size decreases (miosis) due to iris dilator atrophy

Question 2

effects of iris changes with age and mitosis

Answer 2

• increased depth of focus (DOF)

- decreased retinal illumination

Question 3

the lens yellows with age, causing:

Answer 3

lose the blues, B-Y acquired tritan color defects possible

Question 4

effects of lens changes with age

Answer 4

• increases in optic density from increased in axial dimension = decreased retinal illumination
• increased light scatter, reduces contrast of retinal images from opacities

Question 5

2 conclusions about lens absorption changes with age

Answer 5

1. less transmission for every wavelength

2. shorter wavelengths take a bigger hit

Question 6

photoreceptor changes with age influence:

Answer 6

some age related loss may occur, but it is not responsible for a decline in visual acuity (thats from light)

Question 7

examples of some age related loss to photoreceptors

Answer 7

• reduction in photopigment density

- possible neural changes like reduced convergence to bipolar and ganglion cells and decreased neurotransmitters

Question 8

dark adaptation sensitivity changes with age and why

Answer 8

loss of overall sensitivity because rod photoreceptor loss and some rod outer seem bent enlargement

Question 9

dark adaptation speed changes with age and why

Answer 9

adaptation rate is slower because slowed rate of rhodopsin regeneration (neural regeneration slower)

Question 10

how is the decrease of high contrast visual acuity with age?

Answer 10

really robust- some decrease with age, but less than any other visual function (between 75-80)

Question 11

does the difference between high and low contrast visual acuity change with age?

Answer 11

yes, larger difference between high and low contrast with age (around 70-75 yr old- difference is more than 13 letter average)

Question 12

disability glare changes with age

Answer 12

gets worse (really fast) after 70 yrs old

Question 13

recovery from glare changes with age

Answer 13

gets worse after 70 yrs old (lots of variability with older age too)

Question 14

how many patients over 70 years old fail the D15?

Answer 14

~ 1/3 of patients

Question 15

changes in spatial contrast sensitivity with age mostly affect what spatial frequencies?

Answer 15

losses at middle and high SFs

Question 16

if measuring one spatial frequency, what is the age for decline of contrast sensitivity?

Answer 16

70

Question 17

the most robust vision function is:

Answer 17

temporal vision CFF

Question 18

temporal CSF reduction with age affects:

Answer 18

reduced at middle and high TFs

Question 19

technically lower CFFs should decrease because it is:

Answer 19

dependent on retinal illuminance (Ferry Porter)

Question 20

what motion change could be possible with age?

Answer 20

less accurate in judging direction of motion, 2nd order motion worse with aging?

Question 21

what type of motion is more robust with age?

Answer 21

biological motion

Question 22

visual field sensitivity and extent with age

Answer 22

lose sensitivity and extent with age, but it is not a huge change (same slopes in whole retina too)

Question 23

how does the attentional VF decrease with age (compared to static VF)

Answer 23

definitely drop with age, especially after 70 yrs

Question 24

how does useful field of view (UFOV) change?

Answer 24

• can decline in the presence of normal clinical VF

- declines with age

Question 25

why does the useful field of view (UFOV) decline with age?

Answer 25

• reduced speed of visual processing
• reduced ability to divide attention
• reduce salience of the target against its background

Question 26

what matters more: spatial contrast sensitivity or visual acuity?

Answer 26

spatial contrast sensitivity b/c facial recognition and falls/mobility issues

Question 27

what has been found to correlate to accident rates?

Answer 27

UFOV

Question 28

2 most robust visual functions?

Answer 28

• flicker (CFF)

- high contrast acuity

Question 29

3 least robust visual functions?

Answer 29

• attentional field area
• glare recovery time
• vision in glare