Final info after Exam 2 Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
A state is…
An area organized in a _________ unit and ruled by an established ________ that has control over its ________ and _______ affairs
A
Political
Government
Internal and Foreign
2
Q
What is sovereignty?
A
Independence from control of its internal affairs
3
Q
What is the disagreement of sovereignty regarding Taiwan?
A
China’s government considers Taiwan part of China, but most other countries consider China and Taiwan as separate nations
4
Q
What is the disagreement of sovereignty regarding Western Sahara?
A
Morocco claims Western Sahara, but most countries in Africa consider Western Sahara sovereign
5
Q
In 1982, a UN convention on the Law of the Sea permitted countries to do what regarding the Arctic?
A
To submit claims inside the arctic
6
Q
What are the 3 points in the Antarctica Treaty?
A
1) No military activity
2) Research stations are permitted
3) Does NOT recognize or dispute claims
7
Q
When was the UN created and why?
A
At the end of WWII
To serve in the role of a facilitator for discussions regarding international problems
8
Q
What is a state territory that corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity?
A
Nation States
9
Q
What are 4 examples of nation states?
A
Japan, Iceland, Denmark, Slovenia
10
Q
What is a multinational state?
A
A country that contains more than one ethnicity (opposite of a nation state)
11
Q
What is the world’s largest multinational state?
A
Russia
12
Q
Russia officially recognizes how many ethnic groups?
A
39
13
Q
Russia has had conflict in what region?
A
Caucas region (Georgia, Armenia, Georgia)
14
Q
_____ = a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
A
Colony
15
Q
European states came to control much of the world through ________
A
Colonialism
16
Q
What is colonialism?
A
An effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and principles on the territory
17
Q
About how many colonies (or dependencies and areas of special sovereignty) remain?
A
About 60
18
Q
Of the remaining colonies… how many are with indigenous populations? how many have not permanent population?
A
About 40 w/ indigenous
About 25 w/ no permanent population
19
Q
What is an example of a remaining colony?
A
Puerto Rico - a commonwealth of the US
20
Q
What are the 3 types of physical boundaries?
A
1) Desert
2) Mountain
3) Water
21
Q
What makes a desert boundary effective?
A
Deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited
22
Q
What makes mountains effective?
A
Mountains are hard to cross, they are permanent and sparsely populated
23
Q
What are 2 cultural boundaries?
A
1) Geometric
2) Ethnic
24
Q
Describe a geometric boundary… give an example
A
Straight lines drawn on a map
Example: line along 49 degrees north latitude that separates the U.S. and Canada
25
Describe an ethnic boundary... give an example
Coincides with differences in ethnicity, language, and religion
Example: partition of India
26
What are the 5 basic state shapes?
1) Compact
2) Elongated
3) Prorupted
4) Perforated
5) Fragmented
27
Describe a compact state... give an examples
Distance from center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly (relatively round state)
Example: Poland
28
Describe an elongated state, what do they suffer from?... give an examples
Long and narrow
Suffer from poor internal communication
Example: Chile
29
Describe a prorupted state... give an examples
Otherwise compact state with large projections created for two reasons:
1) provide the state with access to resource (like water)
2) Separate 2 states that otherwise would share a boundary
Example: Thailand
30
Describe a perforated state... give an examples
What is an encompassed state?
A state that completely surrounds another one
Example: South Africa because it surrounds Lesotho and Swaziland
A state that is dependent on it's surrounding state for beyond boundary communication
Example: Lesotho
31
Describe a fragmented state... give an examples
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Example: Greece
32
What are the 2 types of fragmented states?
1) Separated by water
| 2) Separated by an intervening state
33
Boundaries separating legislative districts within the US and other countries are redrawn every ____ years, following what?
10 years
| following the census bureau's release of the official population figures
34
What is a solution to gerrymandering?
Bipartisan commissions
35
The European Union...
| When was it formed? Why?
Formed in 1958 to deal with aftermath of WWII
36
What is the current task of the EU?
To promote development w/in member states through economic and political cooperation
37
What is the Eurozone?
A step toward integrating Europe's states into a regional organization... established a common currency = the Euro
38
What is the area in Europe in which you can travel with just a European passport?
Shengen area
39
_______ = the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands
Terrorism
40
Distinctive characteristics of terrorism...
1) Trying to achieve objectives through what?
2) Viewing ______ as a means of bring widespread publicity to their cause
3) Believing in a cause so strongly they are willing to _____ for it
1) Organized acts of terror (bombing, kidnapping, hostages, hijacking, assassination)
2) Violence
3) Die
41
How have states supported terrorism?
1) Providing ______
2) Supplying ____, _____, ______
1) Providing sanctuary
| 2) Supplying weapons, money, intelligence
42
What is the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology?
Development
43
What is HDI?
A metric to measure the level of development of every country
44
What 3 factors is HDI based on?
1) Decent standard of living
2) Long and healthy life
3) Access to knowledge
45
Countries are grouped in 4 categories based on their HDI, what are the 4 categories?
Very high, high, medium, low
46
Standard of living is measure by what 4 factors?
1) Income
2) Economic structure
3) Productivity
4) Consumer goods
47
When it comes to the income factor in measuring the standard of living... how is the income measured?
Gross National Income (GNI) and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
48
What is GNI?
| What does it NOT measure?
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country annually, plus income from abroad
Does NOT measure wealth distribution among citizens
49
What is PPP?
Cost of living adjustment made to the GNI
50
When it comes to the economic factor in measuring standard of living... what are the 3 categories?
Developed is higher in what category? Developing is higher in what category?
1) Primary sector = extraction
2) Secondary sector = manufacturing of raw materials
3) Tertiary sector = provisions of goods and services
- Developed = higher in tertiary
- Developing = higher in primary & secondary
51
When it comes to the productivity factor in measuring the standard of living... how is the productivity measured?
-Why are developed countries more productive than developing countries?
Value of a product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
-Due to the access to tools, machines, and equipment
52
When it comes to the consumer goods factor in measuring the standard of living.. what goods are especially important?
Motor Vehicles
Computers
Telephones
53
When in comes to the "long and healthy life" factor in HDI, what is it measured by?
Life expectancy at birth
54
What is the average life expectancy for a baby in...
Developed countries?
Developing?
```
Developed = 80 years old
Developing = 68 years old
```
55
When in comes to the "Access to knowledge" factor in HDI, what is it measured by?
Years of schooling
56
What are the average years of schooling for 25 y/o or older in...
Developed countries?
Developing countries?
```
Developed = 11 years
Developing = 6 years
```
57
What is the expected years of schooling (number of years average 5 year old is expected to spend in school) in...
Developed countries?
Developing countries?
```
Developed = 16 years
Developing = 11 years
```
58
What is the pupil to teacher ratio in...
Developed countries?
Developing countries?
```
Developed = 14
Developing = 26
```
59
Development variations within regions:
| Why is there a variation in North Africa and SW Asia?
There is a gap between counties that possess petroleum reserves and those that don't
60
What is the UN's Gender Inequality Index (GII) measured by? (3 factors)
1) Empowerment = ability of women to achieve improvements in status
- Percent of women who hold seats in national legislature
- Percent of women who complete high school
2) Labor force = Female labor force participation
- Percent of women holding full-time jobs outside the home
3) Reproductive health = maternal mortality ratio
61
Regarding reproductive health, what is the ratio in developed and developing countries?
```
Developed = 15
Developing = 140
```
62
The UN asserts gender inequality has gone up or down since the 1990s?
DOWN :)
63
What regions showed the greatest improvements when it came to gender inequality?
SW Asia and North Africa
64
Development is impacted by availability of abundant low-cost ______
Energy
65
What fraction of the world's energy needs are supplied by fossil fuels?
5/6
66
What are fossil fuels?
An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago
67
What are 3 examples of fossil fuels?
1) Coal
2) Petroleum
3) Natural gas
68
Developed countries consume what fraction of the world's energy?
1/2
69
Per capita consumption of energy is greatest where?
North America
70
North America contains who fraction of the world's population and consumes what fraction of the world's energy?
1/20
| 1/4
71
What nation is the world's largest producer of coal?
China
72
Where are the main coal reserves located?
Mid-latitude countries
73
Where are the main petroleum reserves located?
The sea floor and in areas once under water millions of years ago
74
What 3 countries are leading producers of petroleum?
Russia, Saudi Arabia, the U.S.
75
What place supplies most of the remaining petroleum after the 3 leading countries?
SW and Central Aisa
76
What 2 nations are the leading producers of natural gas?
Russia and the U.S.
77
Describe the 2 types of energy reserves...
| Proven and Potential reserves
Proven reserves = a supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered
Potential reserves = supply of energy that is undiscovered but thought to exist
78
What are the remaining supplies of...
Coal?
Natural gas?
Petroleum?
Coal = 131 years
Natural gas = 49 years
Petroleum = 43 years
79
Developed countries posses most of the world's ______ energy reserves, but developed countries are the highest ______
Proven
| Consumers
80
What was formed in 1960 to fain more control over their petroleum resources?
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
81
What regions are most of the OPEC members located?
SW Asia and North Africa
82
What is the maximum rate of crude oil production after which it will begin to decline?
Peak oil
83
What are 4 alternate energy sources?
1) Nuclear
2) Hydroelectric
3) Wind
4) Solar
84
In nuclear energy... a ______ amount of energy can be released from a _______ amount of material
large; small
85
Nuclear energy supplies ___% of the world's energy
14%
86
2/3 of the world's nuclear power is generated where?
North America and Europe
87
Nuclear energy supplies 80% of what country's electricity
France
88
What are the 4 challenges when it comes to nuclear energy?
1) Potential for power-plant accidents
2) Radioactive waste
3) Potential for nuclear weapons
4) High cost
89
Is uranium renewable or nonrenewable? How many years are its proven reserves projected to last?
Nonrenewable
| 124 years
90
Hydroelectric power harness the power of ______ ______ to convert it to electricity
Moving water
91
What is the leading source of renewable energy in both developed and developing countries?
Hydroelectric power
92
What is the challenge of hydroelectric power?
Impact of dams which may displace people and wildlife... disrupting the ecosystem
93
Wind energy has a relatively ________ impact on the environment
Minimal
94
Wind energy accounts for what fraction of production in developed regions?
2/3
95
Wind energy is 20% of what nation;s electricity?
Denmark
96
What is considered the ultimate renewable energy source?
Solar energy
97
Does solar energy harm the environment?
NOPE
98
The US receives what percent of its electricity from solar energy? Potential growth is ______
1%
| Limitless
99
What 2 means are used to harness solar energy?
1) Passive solar energy: captures energy w/o special devices
| 2) Active solar energy: collect solar energy and convert it either to heat energy or to electricity
100
_____ and _____ must improve for solar power to expand considerably
Cost and efficiency
101
Distribution of ______ land is an important factor in international economic development.
More than __/__ of the earth's land surface is for productive agriculture
Arable
| 1/2
102
When it comes to resource development... what regions are particularly vulnerable?
Regions concentrated on one resource
103
Regarding international trade...
| what does the WTO do?
Works to reduce barriers to international trade
104
______ _______ ______ = investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
105
FDI has grown rapidly since ______
1980s
106
What is the major source of the FDI?
Transnational Corporations
107
What country is the largest recipient of FDI?
China
108
What are the 2 major lenders to developing countries?
1) World bank
| 2) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
109
Developing counties borrow money to build _______ w/ hopes to make conditions more favorable for _______
Infrastructure; businesses
110
Challenges/criticisms of loans/aid include...
1) Failed development projects: meaning new infrastructure does NOT attract ________
2) ______: capital could have been used for investment if it wasn't for this
3) Fear that granting, canceling, or refinancing debts w/o strings will perpetuate ____ _____
4) Issues regarding ________
1) Investments
2) Debt
3) Bad habits
4) Allocation
111
________ development achieves balance between economic growth, environment impacts, and social equity
Sustainable
112
Sustainable development is only reasonable if ______ size and growth are in ________
Population
| Balance
113
What is fair trade?
Trade in which products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers in developing countries and promote environmentally sustainable practices
114
What is the largest fair trade organization in America?
Ten Thousand Villages
115
________ = provisions of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks
Microfinance
116
What a microfinance example?
Grameen bank
117
In regards to infant mortality, has the gap narrowed?
YES
118
In regards to life expectancy, has the gap narrowed?
NO
119
In regards to the GNI per capita, has the gap in wealth between developed and developing regions widened or narrowed?
Widened (increased gap)
120
What did the UN develop in 2000?
Millennium Development Goals
121
According to the Millennium Development Goals report in 2015, has there been progress made? Who are being left behind?
YES
| The poorest and most vulnerable
122
In regards to the Sustainable Development Goals... a new agenda was established in 2015 with goals for what year?
2030
123
What are the 3 goals of the Sustainable Development Goals?
1) End poverty
2) Protect the planet
3) Ensure property for all
124
Agriculture = deliberate modification of earth's surface through cultivation of _____ and rearing of _____ to obtain ______ or ______ gain
plants
animals
sustenance or economic
125
Are the precise origins of agriculture known?
NAH
126
What is the agricultural revolution?
When humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
127
What are 3 factors that may have contributed to the development of agriculture?
1) Population growth
2) Environment - climate change
3) Culture - preference for living in a permanent location
128
What are the crop hearths where agriculture originated? (there are 4)
1) SW Asia
2) East Asia
3) Latin America
4) Sub-Saharan Africa
129
What are the 2 animal hearth where agriculture originated and what animals did they have?
1) SW Asia: cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, dogs
| 2) Central Asia: Horses
130
______ = production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family
Subsistence
131
Subsistence farming is primarily practiced in developed or developing countries?
Developing
132
______ = Production of food primarily for sale
Commercial
133
Commercial agricultural is primarily practiced in developed or developing countries?
Developed
134
Distinguished characteristics of commercial farming
1) higher or lower percentage of farmers in labor?
2) Highly ________
3) Smaller or larger farm size?
1) Lower
2) Mechanized
3) Larger
135
What are the 2 reasons the consumption of food varies around the world?
1) Environmental - people in developing countries consume what can easily be grown there
2) Level of development - people in developed countries consume more food from a greater variety of sources
136
Developed and developing countries differ in their primary source of _____
Protein
137
What is the leading source of protein in developed and developing countries?
```
Developed = meat products
Developing = cereal grains
```
138
_____ _____ = physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs for an active and healthy life
Food Security
139
What is undernourishment?
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life
140
The UN estimates how many people in the world are undernourished? What percent of undernourished people are located in developing countries?
850 million
| 99%
141
______ determines what agriculture is grown
Climate
142
_____ ______ = a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals
Pastoral nomadism
143
____ _______ involves:
- Farmers clear land using the slash-and-burn technique
- Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted
Shifting cultivation
144
Intensive subsistence farming feeds most of the world's people who live in developed or developing countries?
Developing
145
Intensive subsistence farming is a common practice in _____ _____ areas of East, South, and SE Asia
Densely populated
146
Intensive subsistence farming requires high agricultural density... what does this mean?
Families must produce enough food of survival on small parcels of land
147
In Intensive subsistence farming, is most of the work done by hand/animals or with machines?
Hand/animals
148
What is an example of Intensive subsistence farming?
Wet rice farming
149
What is wet rice farming?
Process where rice is planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth
150
Wet rice farming is the dominant type of agriculture where?
SE China, East India, most of SE Asia
151
______ prevents farmers from growing wet rice in some portions of Asia
Climate
152
______ agriculture = a commercial farm that specializes in one or two crops
Plantation
153
Where is plantation agriculture primarily practices?
Tropical parts of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia, and South Asia
154
What is the most distinctive characteristic in Mixed crop and Livestock farming?
Most of the crops are fed to the animals instead of humans
155
Where is Mixed crop and Livestock farming primarily practiced?
US and Europe
156
Commercial gardening and fruit farming is the predominant type of farming in what part of the U.S.?
The Southeast
157
How are labor costs kept down in Commercial gardening and fruit farming? What is Commercial gardening and fruit farming sometimes called?
Hire migrant farm workers
| Truck farms
158
In dairy farming, location close to ______ is important
Market
159
What is a region supplying milk to a particular community called?
Milkshed
160
Dairy farms that are farther from consumers are more likely to sell to __________
Processors
161
What nation is the leading milk producer?
India
162
How is grain farming distinguished from mixed crop & livestock farming?
In grain farming the crops are grown primarily for human consumption
163
Has wheat production in developing countries rapidly increased or decreased?
Increased
164
What 2 nations are leading in wheat production?
China and India
165
What California organization facilitates and plants food gardens?
LA green grounds
166
What is the practice of cultivating food in and around cities?
Urban agriculture
167
What is sustainable agriculture?
Agricultural practices that protect the environment, public health, human communities, and animal welfare
168
How does sustainable agriculture protect the environment?
1) Limited use of _______
2) Limit practices that _____ soil, water, and other natural resources
1) Chemicals
| 2) Degrade
169
How does sustainable agriculture protect public health?
1) Avoid harmful ______
2) Avoid overuse of _______
3) Responsible ______ management
1) Pesticides
2) Antibiotics
3) Waste
170
Sustainable agriculture protects the ______ by providing farmers. food processors, and others in the industry with livable wages and safe working conditions
Community
171
Sustainable agriculture also protects ______ welfare
Animal
172
What is a sustainable agriculture example?
Polyface farm
173
What are 3 reasons agricultural land is lost?
1) Desertification
2) Urbanization
3) Over irrigation
174
On a global scale, agricultural products are moving primarily from the ______ hemisphere to ______ hemisphere
western to eastern
175
_________ revolution = increase in crop production, primarily in developing countries
Green
176
What is the most hated company in America due to the large amount of GMOs?
Monsanto
177
What is a food desert?
A geographic area where access to affordable and nutritious food is highly limited
