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GEOG 280 > Final info after Exam 2 > Flashcards

Final info after Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A state is…
An area organized in a _________ unit and ruled by an established ________ that has control over its ________ and _______ affairs

A

Political
Government
Internal and Foreign

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2
Q

What is sovereignty?

A

Independence from control of its internal affairs

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3
Q

What is the disagreement of sovereignty regarding Taiwan?

A

China’s government considers Taiwan part of China, but most other countries consider China and Taiwan as separate nations

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4
Q

What is the disagreement of sovereignty regarding Western Sahara?

A

Morocco claims Western Sahara, but most countries in Africa consider Western Sahara sovereign

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5
Q

In 1982, a UN convention on the Law of the Sea permitted countries to do what regarding the Arctic?

A

To submit claims inside the arctic

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6
Q

What are the 3 points in the Antarctica Treaty?

A

1) No military activity
2) Research stations are permitted
3) Does NOT recognize or dispute claims

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7
Q

When was the UN created and why?

A

At the end of WWII

To serve in the role of a facilitator for discussions regarding international problems

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8
Q

What is a state territory that corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity?

A

Nation States

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9
Q

What are 4 examples of nation states?

A

Japan, Iceland, Denmark, Slovenia

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10
Q

What is a multinational state?

A

A country that contains more than one ethnicity (opposite of a nation state)

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11
Q

What is the world’s largest multinational state?

A

Russia

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12
Q

Russia officially recognizes how many ethnic groups?

A

39

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13
Q

Russia has had conflict in what region?

A

Caucas region (Georgia, Armenia, Georgia)

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14
Q

_____ = a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent

A

Colony

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15
Q

European states came to control much of the world through ________

A

Colonialism

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16
Q

What is colonialism?

A

An effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and principles on the territory

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17
Q

About how many colonies (or dependencies and areas of special sovereignty) remain?

A

About 60

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18
Q

Of the remaining colonies… how many are with indigenous populations? how many have not permanent population?

A

About 40 w/ indigenous

About 25 w/ no permanent population

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19
Q

What is an example of a remaining colony?

A

Puerto Rico - a commonwealth of the US

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of physical boundaries?

A

1) Desert
2) Mountain
3) Water

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21
Q

What makes a desert boundary effective?

A

Deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited

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22
Q

What makes mountains effective?

A

Mountains are hard to cross, they are permanent and sparsely populated

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23
Q

What are 2 cultural boundaries?

A

1) Geometric

2) Ethnic

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24
Q

Describe a geometric boundary… give an example

A

Straight lines drawn on a map

Example: line along 49 degrees north latitude that separates the U.S. and Canada

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25
Q

Describe an ethnic boundary… give an example

A

Coincides with differences in ethnicity, language, and religion
Example: partition of India

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26
Q

What are the 5 basic state shapes?

A

1) Compact
2) Elongated
3) Prorupted
4) Perforated
5) Fragmented

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27
Q

Describe a compact state… give an examples

A

Distance from center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly (relatively round state)
Example: Poland

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28
Q

Describe an elongated state, what do they suffer from?… give an examples

A

Long and narrow
Suffer from poor internal communication
Example: Chile

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29
Q

Describe a prorupted state… give an examples

A

Otherwise compact state with large projections created for two reasons:
1) provide the state with access to resource (like water)
2) Separate 2 states that otherwise would share a boundary
Example: Thailand

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30
Q

Describe a perforated state… give an examples

What is an encompassed state?

A

A state that completely surrounds another one
Example: South Africa because it surrounds Lesotho and Swaziland
A state that is dependent on it’s surrounding state for beyond boundary communication
Example: Lesotho

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31
Q

Describe a fragmented state… give an examples

A

A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Example: Greece

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32
Q

What are the 2 types of fragmented states?

A

1) Separated by water

2) Separated by an intervening state

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33
Q

Boundaries separating legislative districts within the US and other countries are redrawn every ____ years, following what?

A

10 years

following the census bureau’s release of the official population figures

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34
Q

What is a solution to gerrymandering?

A

Bipartisan commissions

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35
Q

The European Union…

When was it formed? Why?

A

Formed in 1958 to deal with aftermath of WWII

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36
Q

What is the current task of the EU?

A

To promote development w/in member states through economic and political cooperation

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37
Q

What is the Eurozone?

A

A step toward integrating Europe’s states into a regional organization… established a common currency = the Euro

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38
Q

What is the area in Europe in which you can travel with just a European passport?

A

Shengen area

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39
Q

_______ = the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands

A

Terrorism

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40
Q

Distinctive characteristics of terrorism…

1) Trying to achieve objectives through what?
2) Viewing ______ as a means of bring widespread publicity to their cause
3) Believing in a cause so strongly they are willing to _____ for it

A

1) Organized acts of terror (bombing, kidnapping, hostages, hijacking, assassination)
2) Violence
3) Die

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41
Q

How have states supported terrorism?

1) Providing ______
2) Supplying ____, _____, ______

A

1) Providing sanctuary

2) Supplying weapons, money, intelligence

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42
Q

What is the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology?

A

Development

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43
Q

What is HDI?

A

A metric to measure the level of development of every country

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44
Q

What 3 factors is HDI based on?

A

1) Decent standard of living
2) Long and healthy life
3) Access to knowledge

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45
Q

Countries are grouped in 4 categories based on their HDI, what are the 4 categories?

A

Very high, high, medium, low

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46
Q

Standard of living is measure by what 4 factors?

A

1) Income
2) Economic structure
3) Productivity
4) Consumer goods

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47
Q

When it comes to the income factor in measuring the standard of living… how is the income measured?

A

Gross National Income (GNI) and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

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48
Q

What is GNI?

What does it NOT measure?

A

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country annually, plus income from abroad
Does NOT measure wealth distribution among citizens

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49
Q

What is PPP?

A

Cost of living adjustment made to the GNI

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50
Q

When it comes to the economic factor in measuring standard of living… what are the 3 categories?
Developed is higher in what category? Developing is higher in what category?

A

1) Primary sector = extraction
2) Secondary sector = manufacturing of raw materials
3) Tertiary sector = provisions of goods and services
- Developed = higher in tertiary
- Developing = higher in primary & secondary

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51
Q

When it comes to the productivity factor in measuring the standard of living… how is the productivity measured?
-Why are developed countries more productive than developing countries?

A

Value of a product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
-Due to the access to tools, machines, and equipment

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52
Q

When it comes to the consumer goods factor in measuring the standard of living.. what goods are especially important?

A

Motor Vehicles
Computers
Telephones

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53
Q

When in comes to the “long and healthy life” factor in HDI, what is it measured by?

A

Life expectancy at birth

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54
Q

What is the average life expectancy for a baby in…
Developed countries?
Developing?

A 
Developed = 80 years old
Developing = 68 years old
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55
Q

When in comes to the “Access to knowledge” factor in HDI, what is it measured by?

A

Years of schooling

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56
Q

What are the average years of schooling for 25 y/o or older in…
Developed countries?
Developing countries?

A 
Developed = 11 years
Developing = 6 years
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57
Q

What is the expected years of schooling (number of years average 5 year old is expected to spend in school) in…
Developed countries?
Developing countries?

A 
Developed = 16 years
Developing = 11 years
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58
Q

What is the pupil to teacher ratio in…
Developed countries?
Developing countries?

A 
Developed = 14
Developing = 26
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59
Q

Development variations within regions:

Why is there a variation in North Africa and SW Asia?

A

There is a gap between counties that possess petroleum reserves and those that don’t

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60
Q

What is the UN’s Gender Inequality Index (GII) measured by? (3 factors)

A

1) Empowerment = ability of women to achieve improvements in status
- Percent of women who hold seats in national legislature
- Percent of women who complete high school
2) Labor force = Female labor force participation
- Percent of women holding full-time jobs outside the home
3) Reproductive health = maternal mortality ratio

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61
Q

Regarding reproductive health, what is the ratio in developed and developing countries?

A 
Developed = 15 
Developing = 140
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62
Q

The UN asserts gender inequality has gone up or down since the 1990s?

A

DOWN :)

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63
Q

What regions showed the greatest improvements when it came to gender inequality?

A

SW Asia and North Africa

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64
Q

Development is impacted by availability of abundant low-cost ______

A

Energy

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65
Q

What fraction of the world’s energy needs are supplied by fossil fuels?

A

5/6

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66
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago

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67
Q

What are 3 examples of fossil fuels?

A

1) Coal
2) Petroleum
3) Natural gas

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68
Q

Developed countries consume what fraction of the world’s energy?

A

1/2

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69
Q

Per capita consumption of energy is greatest where?

A

North America

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70
Q

North America contains who fraction of the world’s population and consumes what fraction of the world’s energy?

A

1/20

1/4

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71
Q

What nation is the world’s largest producer of coal?

A

China

72
Q

Where are the main coal reserves located?

A

Mid-latitude countries

73
Q

Where are the main petroleum reserves located?

A

The sea floor and in areas once under water millions of years ago

74
Q

What 3 countries are leading producers of petroleum?

A

Russia, Saudi Arabia, the U.S.

75
Q

What place supplies most of the remaining petroleum after the 3 leading countries?

A

SW and Central Aisa

76
Q

What 2 nations are the leading producers of natural gas?

A

Russia and the U.S.

77
Q

Describe the 2 types of energy reserves…

Proven and Potential reserves

A

Proven reserves = a supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered
Potential reserves = supply of energy that is undiscovered but thought to exist

78
Q

What are the remaining supplies of…
Coal?
Natural gas?
Petroleum?

A

Coal = 131 years
Natural gas = 49 years
Petroleum = 43 years

79
Q

Developed countries posses most of the world’s ______ energy reserves, but developed countries are the highest ______

A

Proven

Consumers

80
Q

What was formed in 1960 to fain more control over their petroleum resources?

A

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

81
Q

What regions are most of the OPEC members located?

A

SW Asia and North Africa

82
Q

What is the maximum rate of crude oil production after which it will begin to decline?

A

Peak oil

83
Q

What are 4 alternate energy sources?

A

1) Nuclear
2) Hydroelectric
3) Wind
4) Solar

84
Q

In nuclear energy… a ______ amount of energy can be released from a _______ amount of material

A

large; small

85
Q

Nuclear energy supplies ___% of the world’s energy

A

14%

86
Q

2/3 of the world’s nuclear power is generated where?

A

North America and Europe

87
Q

Nuclear energy supplies 80% of what country’s electricity

A

France

88
Q

What are the 4 challenges when it comes to nuclear energy?

A

1) Potential for power-plant accidents
2) Radioactive waste
3) Potential for nuclear weapons
4) High cost

89
Q

Is uranium renewable or nonrenewable? How many years are its proven reserves projected to last?

A

Nonrenewable

124 years

90
Q

Hydroelectric power harness the power of ______ ______ to convert it to electricity

A

Moving water

91
Q

What is the leading source of renewable energy in both developed and developing countries?

A

Hydroelectric power

92
Q

What is the challenge of hydroelectric power?

A

Impact of dams which may displace people and wildlife… disrupting the ecosystem

93
Q

Wind energy has a relatively ________ impact on the environment

A

Minimal

94
Q

Wind energy accounts for what fraction of production in developed regions?

A

2/3

95
Q

Wind energy is 20% of what nation;s electricity?

A

Denmark

96
Q

What is considered the ultimate renewable energy source?

A

Solar energy

97
Q

Does solar energy harm the environment?

A

NOPE

98
Q

The US receives what percent of its electricity from solar energy? Potential growth is ______

A

1%

Limitless

99
Q

What 2 means are used to harness solar energy?

A

1) Passive solar energy: captures energy w/o special devices

2) Active solar energy: collect solar energy and convert it either to heat energy or to electricity

100
Q

_____ and _____ must improve for solar power to expand considerably

A

Cost and efficiency

101
Q

Distribution of ______ land is an important factor in international economic development.
More than __/__ of the earth’s land surface is for productive agriculture

A

Arable

1/2

102
Q

When it comes to resource development… what regions are particularly vulnerable?

A

Regions concentrated on one resource

103
Q

Regarding international trade…

what does the WTO do?

A

Works to reduce barriers to international trade

104
Q

______ _______ ______ = investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country

A

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

105
Q

FDI has grown rapidly since ______

A

1980s

106
Q

What is the major source of the FDI?

A

Transnational Corporations

107
Q

What country is the largest recipient of FDI?

A

China

108
Q

What are the 2 major lenders to developing countries?

A

1) World bank

2) International Monetary Fund (IMF)

109
Q

Developing counties borrow money to build _______ w/ hopes to make conditions more favorable for _______

A

Infrastructure; businesses

110
Q

Challenges/criticisms of loans/aid include…

1) Failed development projects: meaning new infrastructure does NOT attract ________
2) ______: capital could have been used for investment if it wasn’t for this
3) Fear that granting, canceling, or refinancing debts w/o strings will perpetuate ____ _____
4) Issues regarding ________

A

1) Investments
2) Debt
3) Bad habits
4) Allocation

111
Q

________ development achieves balance between economic growth, environment impacts, and social equity

A

Sustainable

112
Q

Sustainable development is only reasonable if ______ size and growth are in ________

A

Population

Balance

113
Q

What is fair trade?

A

Trade in which products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers in developing countries and promote environmentally sustainable practices

114
Q

What is the largest fair trade organization in America?

A

Ten Thousand Villages

115
Q

________ = provisions of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks

A

Microfinance

116
Q

What a microfinance example?

A

Grameen bank

117
Q

In regards to infant mortality, has the gap narrowed?

A

YES

118
Q

In regards to life expectancy, has the gap narrowed?

A

NO

119
Q

In regards to the GNI per capita, has the gap in wealth between developed and developing regions widened or narrowed?

A

Widened (increased gap)

120
Q

What did the UN develop in 2000?

A

Millennium Development Goals

121
Q

According to the Millennium Development Goals report in 2015, has there been progress made? Who are being left behind?

A

YES

The poorest and most vulnerable

122
Q

In regards to the Sustainable Development Goals… a new agenda was established in 2015 with goals for what year?

A

2030

123
Q

What are the 3 goals of the Sustainable Development Goals?

A

1) End poverty
2) Protect the planet
3) Ensure property for all

124
Q

Agriculture = deliberate modification of earth’s surface through cultivation of _____ and rearing of _____ to obtain ______ or ______ gain

A

plants
animals
sustenance or economic

125
Q

Are the precise origins of agriculture known?

A

NAH

126
Q

What is the agricultural revolution?

A

When humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

127
Q

What are 3 factors that may have contributed to the development of agriculture?

A

1) Population growth
2) Environment - climate change
3) Culture - preference for living in a permanent location

128
Q

What are the crop hearths where agriculture originated? (there are 4)

A

1) SW Asia
2) East Asia
3) Latin America
4) Sub-Saharan Africa

129
Q

What are the 2 animal hearth where agriculture originated and what animals did they have?

A

1) SW Asia: cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, dogs

2) Central Asia: Horses

130
Q

______ = production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family

A

Subsistence

131
Q

Subsistence farming is primarily practiced in developed or developing countries?

A

Developing

132
Q

______ = Production of food primarily for sale

A

Commercial

133
Q

Commercial agricultural is primarily practiced in developed or developing countries?

A

Developed

134
Q

Distinguished characteristics of commercial farming

1) higher or lower percentage of farmers in labor?
2) Highly ________
3) Smaller or larger farm size?

A

1) Lower
2) Mechanized
3) Larger

135
Q

What are the 2 reasons the consumption of food varies around the world?

A

1) Environmental - people in developing countries consume what can easily be grown there
2) Level of development - people in developed countries consume more food from a greater variety of sources

136
Q

Developed and developing countries differ in their primary source of _____

A

Protein

137
Q

What is the leading source of protein in developed and developing countries?

A 
Developed = meat products
Developing = cereal grains
138
Q

_____ _____ = physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs for an active and healthy life

A

Food Security

139
Q

What is undernourishment?

A

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life

140
Q

The UN estimates how many people in the world are undernourished? What percent of undernourished people are located in developing countries?

A

850 million

99%

141
Q

______ determines what agriculture is grown

A

Climate

142
Q

_____ ______ = a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals

A

Pastoral nomadism

143
Q

____ _______ involves:

  • Farmers clear land using the slash-and-burn technique
  • Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted
A

Shifting cultivation

144
Q

Intensive subsistence farming feeds most of the world’s people who live in developed or developing countries?

A

Developing

145
Q

Intensive subsistence farming is a common practice in _____ _____ areas of East, South, and SE Asia

A

Densely populated

146
Q

Intensive subsistence farming requires high agricultural density… what does this mean?

A

Families must produce enough food of survival on small parcels of land

147
Q

In Intensive subsistence farming, is most of the work done by hand/animals or with machines?

A

Hand/animals

148
Q

What is an example of Intensive subsistence farming?

A

Wet rice farming

149
Q

What is wet rice farming?

A

Process where rice is planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth

150
Q

Wet rice farming is the dominant type of agriculture where?

A

SE China, East India, most of SE Asia

151
Q

______ prevents farmers from growing wet rice in some portions of Asia

A

Climate

152
Q

______ agriculture = a commercial farm that specializes in one or two crops

A

Plantation

153
Q

Where is plantation agriculture primarily practices?

A

Tropical parts of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia, and South Asia

154
Q

What is the most distinctive characteristic in Mixed crop and Livestock farming?

A

Most of the crops are fed to the animals instead of humans

155
Q

Where is Mixed crop and Livestock farming primarily practiced?

A

US and Europe

156
Q

Commercial gardening and fruit farming is the predominant type of farming in what part of the U.S.?

A

The Southeast

157
Q

How are labor costs kept down in Commercial gardening and fruit farming? What is Commercial gardening and fruit farming sometimes called?

A

Hire migrant farm workers

Truck farms

158
Q

In dairy farming, location close to ______ is important

A

Market

159
Q

What is a region supplying milk to a particular community called?

A

Milkshed

160
Q

Dairy farms that are farther from consumers are more likely to sell to __________

A

Processors

161
Q

What nation is the leading milk producer?

A

India

162
Q

How is grain farming distinguished from mixed crop & livestock farming?

A

In grain farming the crops are grown primarily for human consumption

163
Q

Has wheat production in developing countries rapidly increased or decreased?

A

Increased

164
Q

What 2 nations are leading in wheat production?

A

China and India

165
Q

What California organization facilitates and plants food gardens?

A

LA green grounds

166
Q

What is the practice of cultivating food in and around cities?

A

Urban agriculture

167
Q

What is sustainable agriculture?

A

Agricultural practices that protect the environment, public health, human communities, and animal welfare

168
Q

How does sustainable agriculture protect the environment?

1) Limited use of _______
2) Limit practices that _____ soil, water, and other natural resources

A

1) Chemicals

2) Degrade

169
Q

How does sustainable agriculture protect public health?

1) Avoid harmful ______
2) Avoid overuse of _______
3) Responsible ______ management

A

1) Pesticides
2) Antibiotics
3) Waste

170
Q

Sustainable agriculture protects the ______ by providing farmers. food processors, and others in the industry with livable wages and safe working conditions

A

Community

171
Q

Sustainable agriculture also protects ______ welfare

A

Animal

172
Q

What is a sustainable agriculture example?

A

Polyface farm

173
Q

What are 3 reasons agricultural land is lost?

A

1) Desertification
2) Urbanization
3) Over irrigation

174
Q

On a global scale, agricultural products are moving primarily from the ______ hemisphere to ______ hemisphere

A

western to eastern

175
Q

_________ revolution = increase in crop production, primarily in developing countries

A

Green

176
Q

What is the most hated company in America due to the large amount of GMOs?

A

Monsanto

177
Q

What is a food desert?

A

A geographic area where access to affordable and nutritious food is highly limited

GEOG 280 (3 decks)

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