Exam 2 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What is:
A system of communication through ______, a collection of ______ that a group of people understand to have the same meaning?
A
Language
- speech
- sounds
2
Q
What is a polygot?
A
A person who speaks multiple languages
3
Q
What is a literary tradition when it comes to language?
A
A system of written communication
4
Q
What is an official language?
Does the U.S. have one?
A
- Used for official documents
- NOPE
5
Q
About how many languages are spoken around the world?
A
7,000
6
Q
How many are spoken by at least 100 million?
A
10
7
Q
The world’s languages are organized into what 3 categories from most broad to least broad?
A
1) Families
2) Branches
3) Groups
8
Q
What is a language family?
A
A collection of languages related through a COMMON ANCESTRAL LANGUAGE
9
Q
What is a language branch?
A
A collection of languages within a family
10
Q
What is a language group?
A
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past AND display similar grammar & vocab
11
Q
What are the 2 largest language families?
A
1) Indo-European- Europe, South Asia, North America, and Latin America
2) Sino-Tibetan- China and SE Asia
12
Q
What are the 4 most widely spoken Indo-European languages?
GIBR
A
1) Germanic
2 ) Indo-Iranian
3) Balto-Slavic
4) Romance
13
Q
What are the East and West groups in the Indo-Iranian family?
A
East = Hindi West = Persian and Kurdish
14
Q
_______ = a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive _____, _____, and _____
A
- Dialect
- Vocab, spelling, and pronunciation
15
Q
English _____ by country and by region within a country
A
Varies
16
Q
what are the 4 dialect regions of English in America?
A
1) Northern
2) Midlands
3) Southeastern
4) Western
17
Q
What are the top 5 most spoken languages?
A
1) Mandarin Chinese
2) Spanish
3) English
4) Hindi
5) Arabic
18
Q
What fraction of the world speaks Chinese?
A
1/7
19
Q
Why are there many different languages around the equator?
A
Because different groups can sustain themselves without needing to interact with other groups
20
Q
What is the country with the most spoken languages? Over how many languages?
A
Papa New Guinea
-over 800 languages
21
Q
What is a lingua-franca?
A
A common language for a place to use to communicate when they have many different languages
22
Q
A language dies every ____ weeks
A
2
23
Q
___% of languages are safe
A
57%
24
Q
What is a language footprint?
A
The influence of those speaking a dominant language on speakers of other languages
25
If your choice of language makes another person shift from their language to yours, you have made a ______ _______
Language footprint
26
What is the most monolingual state?
West Virginia
27
____ and _____ fields are two domains in which a person gets an interpreter
Law and Medical
28
____ = regionally distinctive words and pronunciations
Dialect
29
Most words that are specific to a dialect pertain to what?
Rural life, food, or objects from daily activities
30
Language difference tend to be greatest in _____ areas due to what?
Rural
| -due to limited interaction with people from other dialect regions
31
_____ _____ has reduced the number of regionally distinctive words
Mass media
32
What Virginia island has residents that speak with a unique dialect of English?
Tangier island
33
Languages are typically _____ while dialects typically aren't
Official/ written
34
Belgium has 2 district languages, what are they?
1) Dutch (Northern)
| 2) French (Southern)
35
What country has over 500 district dialects?
Nigeria
36
Canada has 2 official languages, what are they?
1) English
| 2) French (mostly in Quebec)
37
What nation has 4 official languages?
Switzerland
38
What are isolated languages?
| Example?
Languages unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any family
Ex: Basque in Europe
39
About how many languages are extinct?
500
40
What is an example of a revived language?
Hebrew
41
Hebrew was revived in response to what?
The establishment of Israel as an independent nation
42
Pidgin?
| -Means there are no ___ ____
Language is a simplified form of speech that develops has a means of communication between groups that don't share a common language
-No native speakers
43
____ = a language that has evolved from a pidgin but serves as the native language
Creole
44
What language has global dominance?
English
45
English is the official language in over ____ countries
50
46
Majority of content on _____ is English
The internet
47
English is declining as the language of the web and may be replaced by what?
Mandarin Chinese
48
_______ = the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people
Culture
49
What are the 3 daily necessities of culture?
- Food
- Shelter
- Clothing
50
What is folk culture?
Traditionally practiced by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas
51
Folk culture has a ______ origin
Unidentified
52
In folk culture, a combination of ______ and _____ factors influence distribution
Physical and cultural
53
In popular culture origin is often traceable to what?
Traceable to a particular person or corporation in a particular place
54
Popular culture diffuses rapidly and extensively with the help of ______ _______
Modern communication
55
What is the principal obstacle to access of popular culture?
Lack of income to purchase the material
56
In folk music, the origin is ________ and is transmitted ________
- Anonymous
| - Orally
57
The content of folk music is centered around what?
Life events
58
Popular music is by ____ ______
A specific individual
59
Popular music is made with the intent of what?
Being performed and sold in front of large groups
60
In popular clothing, the style reflects what?
Occupation and income
61
In folk clothing the style reflects what?
Environment
62
Improved _______ results in rapid diffusion of popular clothing? For example: _____
- Communication
| - Ex: jeans
63
What is a food taboo?
A restriction im[posed by a social custom to eat particular plants or animals that are believed to embody negative forces
64
Popular food preferences are influenced more by _____ values than by ______ features
- Cultural
| - Environmental
65
Cola preferences can be influenced by _______ or _________
| Example?
Politics or religion
- Ex: Russia = pepsi associated w/ communism
SW Asia = coke boycott b/c sold in Israel
66
_____ = art that originates among the ______ people of a region or nation and typically reflects their ____ _____
- Folk
- Common
- Traditional culture
67
Folk art typically uses _____ materials
| Examples?
- Traditional
| - Ex: wood, clay, paper, metal
68
Folk art often depicts scenes from ___ ____
Daily life
69
Folk art is generally created by _____ or limited ______
Hand or limited technologies
70
Popular art = art intended to be _____ and ______ by people in a _________ advanced society
- Received and appreciated
| - Technologically
71
Popular art is often produced using _____ _______
| Examples?
- Modern technologies
| - Ex: printing, photography, recording
72
_______ influences folk housing
| Examples?
- Environment
| - Ex: climate, topography, and available resources
73
U.S. popular housing: since the mid-20th century, houses display ____ _____ rather than ____ _____
- Popular culture
| - Regional influences
74
What is UNESCO's mission?
To encourage the identification, protection, and preservation of cultural and natural heritages around the world to be considered of outstanding value to humanity
75
Over how many sites have world heritage status?
1,000
76
___ = important mechanism for rapidly diffusing popular culture around the world
TV
77
How many people practice confucianism?
Over 5 million
78
Confucianism was created by who? He dedicated life toward what?
- Confucius (K'ung Tze)
| - Education
79
What compiled Confucius teaching and set standards for conduct?
The Analects
80
Confucius believed a society could become perfect if it exhibited "______ ______"
Beautiful conduct
81
Confucianism is not a true ______, it is more of what?
- Religion
| - Spiritual practice
82
____ in Shandong Province is sacred for Confucianists because why?
- Qufu
| - Where Confucius was buried
83
How many people practice Islam?
1.6 billion
84
In Islam, who was the last prophet?
Muhammad
85
What are the two branches of Islam? Which is more popular?
- Sunni and Shi'a
| - Sunni
86
In Islam burial traditions, ____ is forbidden
Cremation
87
Islam follow the ___ Pillars
| What are they?
5
1) Declare faith
2) Pray 5 times a day
3) Fasting during Ramadan
4) Give 2.5% of annual income to the church
5) Pilgrimage to Mecca
88
Buddhism is mostly confined to what continent?
Asia
89
Buddhism originated where and by who?
- India
| - Siddhartha Gautama
90
What are the 3 forms of Buddhism?
1) Theravad (oldest; traditional)
2) Mahayana (universal salvation)
3) Vajrayana (more efficient)
91
Taoism is primarily in what nation?
China
92
Taoism believes in The _____
| and in ___ _____, and __- _____
- Dao (The way)
- Feng shui
- Yin and Yang
93
How many people practice Hinduism?
900 million
94
Hindus believe in reincarnation determined by what?
Karma
95
What is the holiest river for Hindus?
The Ganges
96
How many people follow Judaism?
14 million
97
What is the Jewish sacred text?
Torah
98
What are the top 5 religions from largest to smallest?
1) Christianity
2) Islam
3) Non-religion
4) Hinduism
5) Rest of religions
99
What are the 2 types of religions? Describe
1) Universalizing = global appeal
| 2) Ethnic = appeal to one group (hinduism/judaism)
100
Do ethnic or universalizing religions have a precise place of origin based on a specific person?
Universalizing
101
_____ of _____ are sacred structures that physically anchor religion to landscape
Places of Worship
102
Ethnic religions are closely tied to the _____ ____ of a particular place
Physical geography
103
______ has special significance in some ethnic groups
Solstice
104
What is a pilgrimage?
A journey for religious purposes
105
In Ethnic religions ______ are closely aligned with natural events associated with the physical geography of the homeland
Holidays
106
In Universalizing religions, major holidays relate to what?
Events in the life of the founder
107
What is Animism? Is it an ethnic or universalizing religion?
The followers believe that inanimate objects or natural events (like disasters) have spirits and conscious life
- Ethnic religion
108
What do Atheists believe?
That God doesn't exist
109
What do Agnostics believe?
That nothing a can be known about whether or not God exists
110
What percent of the world are atheist or agnostic?
16%
111
What is the difference between some being religious and someone being spiritual
```
Religious = public
Spiritual = private
```
112
Religion is created by ______ while spirituality develops ______
- Man
| - Individually
113
What is a literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion?
Religion Fundamentalism
114
______ control of Afghanistan lead to what?
- Taliban's
| - Strict laws opposing Western values
115
Religion vs. Communism
| In the former Soviet union, church buildings and property were _________
Nationalized
116
China "protects normal religious activities" but has what?
5 sanctioned religious organizations
117
North Korea is a ____ state in terms of religion
Atheist
118
Religious conflicts are most likely to occur at the _______ between 2 religions
Boundary
119
Religion vs. Religion conflicts
1) Ireland: _____ vs _______
2) Kashmir: ______ vs ________
3) Central African Republic _______ vs ______
1) Catholics vs Protestants
2) Hindus vs Muslims
3) Muslims vs Christians/Animists
120
What 3 religions have fought to control the same small strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean? How long have they been fighting for it?
- Jews, Christians, Muslims
| - 2,000 years
121
Why do Jews want the strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean?
They consider it the Promised Land where major events in the development of the religion occurred
122
Why do Muslims want the strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean?
Believed to be where Muhammad assented into heaven
123
Why do Christians want the strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean?
Considers it the holy land and Jerusalem is the holy city b/c the major events in Jesus's life, death, and resurrection occurred here
