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GEOG 280 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is:
A system of communication through ______, a collection of ______ that a group of people understand to have the same meaning?

A

Language

  • speech
  • sounds
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2
Q

What is a polygot?

A

A person who speaks multiple languages

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3
Q

What is a literary tradition when it comes to language?

A

A system of written communication

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4
Q

What is an official language?

Does the U.S. have one?

A
  • Used for official documents

- NOPE

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5
Q

About how many languages are spoken around the world?

A

7,000

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6
Q

How many are spoken by at least 100 million?

A

10

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7
Q

The world’s languages are organized into what 3 categories from most broad to least broad?

A

1) Families
2) Branches
3) Groups

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8
Q

What is a language family?

A

A collection of languages related through a COMMON ANCESTRAL LANGUAGE

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9
Q

What is a language branch?

A

A collection of languages within a family

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10
Q

What is a language group?

A

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past AND display similar grammar & vocab

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11
Q

What are the 2 largest language families?

A

1) Indo-European- Europe, South Asia, North America, and Latin America
2) Sino-Tibetan- China and SE Asia

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12
Q

What are the 4 most widely spoken Indo-European languages?

GIBR

A

1) Germanic
2 ) Indo-Iranian
3) Balto-Slavic
4) Romance

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13
Q

What are the East and West groups in the Indo-Iranian family?

A 
East = Hindi
West = Persian and Kurdish
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14
Q

_______ = a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive _____, _____, and _____

A
  • Dialect

- Vocab, spelling, and pronunciation

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15
Q

English _____ by country and by region within a country

A

Varies

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16
Q

what are the 4 dialect regions of English in America?

A

1) Northern
2) Midlands
3) Southeastern
4) Western

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17
Q

What are the top 5 most spoken languages?

A

1) Mandarin Chinese
2) Spanish
3) English
4) Hindi
5) Arabic

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18
Q

What fraction of the world speaks Chinese?

A

1/7

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19
Q

Why are there many different languages around the equator?

A

Because different groups can sustain themselves without needing to interact with other groups

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20
Q

What is the country with the most spoken languages? Over how many languages?

A

Papa New Guinea

-over 800 languages

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21
Q

What is a lingua-franca?

A

A common language for a place to use to communicate when they have many different languages

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22
Q

A language dies every ____ weeks

A

2

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23
Q

___% of languages are safe

A

57%

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24
Q

What is a language footprint?

A

The influence of those speaking a dominant language on speakers of other languages

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25
Q

If your choice of language makes another person shift from their language to yours, you have made a ______ _______

A

Language footprint

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26
Q

What is the most monolingual state?

A

West Virginia

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27
Q

____ and _____ fields are two domains in which a person gets an interpreter

A

Law and Medical

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28
Q

____ = regionally distinctive words and pronunciations

A

Dialect

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29
Q

Most words that are specific to a dialect pertain to what?

A

Rural life, food, or objects from daily activities

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30
Q

Language difference tend to be greatest in _____ areas due to what?

A

Rural

-due to limited interaction with people from other dialect regions

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31
Q

_____ _____ has reduced the number of regionally distinctive words

A

Mass media

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32
Q

What Virginia island has residents that speak with a unique dialect of English?

A

Tangier island

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33
Q

Languages are typically _____ while dialects typically aren’t

A

Official/ written

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34
Q

Belgium has 2 district languages, what are they?

A

1) Dutch (Northern)

2) French (Southern)

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35
Q

What country has over 500 district dialects?

A

Nigeria

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36
Q

Canada has 2 official languages, what are they?

A

1) English

2) French (mostly in Quebec)

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37
Q

What nation has 4 official languages?

A

Switzerland

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38
Q

What are isolated languages?

Example?

A

Languages unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any family
Ex: Basque in Europe

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39
Q

About how many languages are extinct?

A

500

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40
Q

What is an example of a revived language?

A

Hebrew

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41
Q

Hebrew was revived in response to what?

A

The establishment of Israel as an independent nation

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42
Q

Pidgin?

-Means there are no ___ ____

A

Language is a simplified form of speech that develops has a means of communication between groups that don’t share a common language
-No native speakers

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43
Q

____ = a language that has evolved from a pidgin but serves as the native language

A

Creole

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44
Q

What language has global dominance?

A

English

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45
Q

English is the official language in over ____ countries

A

50

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46
Q

Majority of content on _____ is English

A

The internet

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47
Q

English is declining as the language of the web and may be replaced by what?

A

Mandarin Chinese

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48
Q

_______ = the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

A

Culture

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49
Q

What are the 3 daily necessities of culture?

A
  • Food
  • Shelter
  • Clothing
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50
Q

What is folk culture?

A

Traditionally practiced by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas

51
Q

Folk culture has a ______ origin

A

Unidentified

52
Q

In folk culture, a combination of ______ and _____ factors influence distribution

A

Physical and cultural

53
Q

In popular culture origin is often traceable to what?

A

Traceable to a particular person or corporation in a particular place

54
Q

Popular culture diffuses rapidly and extensively with the help of ______ _______

A

Modern communication

55
Q

What is the principal obstacle to access of popular culture?

A

Lack of income to purchase the material

56
Q

In folk music, the origin is ________ and is transmitted ________

A
  • Anonymous

- Orally

57
Q

The content of folk music is centered around what?

A

Life events

58
Q

Popular music is by ____ ______

A

A specific individual

59
Q

Popular music is made with the intent of what?

A

Being performed and sold in front of large groups

60
Q

In popular clothing, the style reflects what?

A

Occupation and income

61
Q

In folk clothing the style reflects what?

A

Environment

62
Q

Improved _______ results in rapid diffusion of popular clothing? For example: _____

A
  • Communication

- Ex: jeans

63
Q

What is a food taboo?

A

A restriction im[posed by a social custom to eat particular plants or animals that are believed to embody negative forces

64
Q

Popular food preferences are influenced more by _____ values than by ______ features

A
  • Cultural

- Environmental

65
Q

Cola preferences can be influenced by _______ or _________

Example?

A

Politics or religion
- Ex: Russia = pepsi associated w/ communism
SW Asia = coke boycott b/c sold in Israel

66
Q

_____ = art that originates among the ______ people of a region or nation and typically reflects their ____ _____

A
  • Folk
  • Common
  • Traditional culture
67
Q

Folk art typically uses _____ materials

Examples?

A
  • Traditional

- Ex: wood, clay, paper, metal

68
Q

Folk art often depicts scenes from ___ ____

A

Daily life

69
Q

Folk art is generally created by _____ or limited ______

A

Hand or limited technologies

70
Q

Popular art = art intended to be _____ and ______ by people in a _________ advanced society

A
  • Received and appreciated

- Technologically

71
Q

Popular art is often produced using _____ _______

Examples?

A
  • Modern technologies

- Ex: printing, photography, recording

72
Q

_______ influences folk housing

Examples?

A
  • Environment

- Ex: climate, topography, and available resources

73
Q

U.S. popular housing: since the mid-20th century, houses display ____ _____ rather than ____ _____

A
  • Popular culture

- Regional influences

74
Q

What is UNESCO’s mission?

A

To encourage the identification, protection, and preservation of cultural and natural heritages around the world to be considered of outstanding value to humanity

75
Q

Over how many sites have world heritage status?

A

1,000

76
Q

___ = important mechanism for rapidly diffusing popular culture around the world

A

TV

77
Q

How many people practice confucianism?

A

Over 5 million

78
Q

Confucianism was created by who? He dedicated life toward what?

A
  • Confucius (K’ung Tze)

- Education

79
Q

What compiled Confucius teaching and set standards for conduct?

A

The Analects

80
Q

Confucius believed a society could become perfect if it exhibited “______ ______”

A

Beautiful conduct

81
Q

Confucianism is not a true ______, it is more of what?

A
  • Religion

- Spiritual practice

82
Q

____ in Shandong Province is sacred for Confucianists because why?

A
  • Qufu

- Where Confucius was buried

83
Q

How many people practice Islam?

A

1.6 billion

84
Q

In Islam, who was the last prophet?

A

Muhammad

85
Q

What are the two branches of Islam? Which is more popular?

A
  • Sunni and Shi’a

- Sunni

86
Q

In Islam burial traditions, ____ is forbidden

A

Cremation

87
Q

Islam follow the ___ Pillars

What are they?

A

5

1) Declare faith
2) Pray 5 times a day
3) Fasting during Ramadan
4) Give 2.5% of annual income to the church
5) Pilgrimage to Mecca

88
Q

Buddhism is mostly confined to what continent?

A

Asia

89
Q

Buddhism originated where and by who?

A
  • India

- Siddhartha Gautama

90
Q

What are the 3 forms of Buddhism?

A

1) Theravad (oldest; traditional)
2) Mahayana (universal salvation)
3) Vajrayana (more efficient)

91
Q

Taoism is primarily in what nation?

A

China

92
Q

Taoism believes in The _____

and in ___ _____, and __- _____

A
  • Dao (The way)
  • Feng shui
  • Yin and Yang
93
Q

How many people practice Hinduism?

A

900 million

94
Q

Hindus believe in reincarnation determined by what?

A

Karma

95
Q

What is the holiest river for Hindus?

A

The Ganges

96
Q

How many people follow Judaism?

A

14 million

97
Q

What is the Jewish sacred text?

A

Torah

98
Q

What are the top 5 religions from largest to smallest?

A

1) Christianity
2) Islam
3) Non-religion
4) Hinduism
5) Rest of religions

99
Q

What are the 2 types of religions? Describe

A

1) Universalizing = global appeal

2) Ethnic = appeal to one group (hinduism/judaism)

100
Q

Do ethnic or universalizing religions have a precise place of origin based on a specific person?

A

Universalizing

101
Q

_____ of _____ are sacred structures that physically anchor religion to landscape

A

Places of Worship

102
Q

Ethnic religions are closely tied to the _____ ____ of a particular place

A

Physical geography

103
Q

______ has special significance in some ethnic groups

A

Solstice

104
Q

What is a pilgrimage?

A

A journey for religious purposes

105
Q

In Ethnic religions ______ are closely aligned with natural events associated with the physical geography of the homeland

A

Holidays

106
Q

In Universalizing religions, major holidays relate to what?

A

Events in the life of the founder

107
Q

What is Animism? Is it an ethnic or universalizing religion?

A

The followers believe that inanimate objects or natural events (like disasters) have spirits and conscious life
- Ethnic religion

108
Q

What do Atheists believe?

A

That God doesn’t exist

109
Q

What do Agnostics believe?

A

That nothing a can be known about whether or not God exists

110
Q

What percent of the world are atheist or agnostic?

A

16%

111
Q

What is the difference between some being religious and someone being spiritual

A 
Religious = public
Spiritual = private
112
Q

Religion is created by ______ while spirituality develops ______

A
  • Man

- Individually

113
Q

What is a literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion?

A

Religion Fundamentalism

114
Q

______ control of Afghanistan lead to what?

A
  • Taliban’s

- Strict laws opposing Western values

115
Q

Religion vs. Communism

In the former Soviet union, church buildings and property were _________

A

Nationalized

116
Q

China “protects normal religious activities” but has what?

A

5 sanctioned religious organizations

117
Q

North Korea is a ____ state in terms of religion

A

Atheist

118
Q

Religious conflicts are most likely to occur at the _______ between 2 religions

A

Boundary

119
Q

Religion vs. Religion conflicts

1) Ireland: _____ vs _______
2) Kashmir: ______ vs ________
3) Central African Republic _______ vs ______

A

1) Catholics vs Protestants
2) Hindus vs Muslims
3) Muslims vs Christians/Animists

120
Q

What 3 religions have fought to control the same small strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean? How long have they been fighting for it?

A
  • Jews, Christians, Muslims

- 2,000 years

121
Q

Why do Jews want the strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean?

A

They consider it the Promised Land where major events in the development of the religion occurred

122
Q

Why do Muslims want the strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean?

A

Believed to be where Muhammad assented into heaven

123
Q

Why do Christians want the strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean?

A

Considers it the holy land and Jerusalem is the holy city b/c the major events in Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection occurred here

GEOG 280 (3 decks)

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