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GEOG 280 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is geography?

A

The study of distribution and interaction of the physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth’s surface

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2
Q

Human geography is the study of the interaction between _____ _____ & ___ ____ in particular places and across spatial areas

A

Human beings & their environment

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3
Q

What maps represent the perceptions and knowledge that a person has of an area?

A

Mental maps

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4
Q

Maps are _______ products

A

Social

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5
Q

What are the 2 purposes that maps serve?

A

1) A reference tool to identify an object’s location

2) A tool to convey the distribution of human activity or physical features

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6
Q

What is the science of map making called?

A

Cartography

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7
Q

Does a small or large scale who a big area with little detail?

A

SMALL

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8
Q

Which map projection is the most accurate representation of the world?

A

Globe

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9
Q

The scientific method of transferring locations on earth’s surfaces to a flat map is called what?

A

Projection

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10
Q

What are the 3 map projection techniques?

A

1) Cylindrical
2) Conic
3) Azimuthal

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11
Q

In the conic technique, the map resembles what shape?

A

A triangle… think conic is like cone

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12
Q

In the azimuthal technique, what happens?

A

The projection is flattened

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13
Q

In a mercator projection (cylindrical), the SHAPE of the continents are ________, and the SIZE of the continents are ________

A

Accurate; distorted

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14
Q

The mercator projection has true _____ and is used for what?

A

Direction; used for ship navigation

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15
Q

In a peter’s projection (cylindrical), the SHAPE of the continents are ________, and the SIZE of the continents are ________

A

Distorted, Accurate

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16
Q

A robinson projection is ______-cylindrical.

A

Psuedo

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17
Q

The lambert conformal (conic) has what at the top? What i it popular for?

A

North pole at the top; popular for mid-latitude regions

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18
Q

The stereographic (azimuthal), has the north pole where? Where is the distortion?

A

North pole at the center; distortion near edges

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19
Q

Having a countries size reflect it’s population (the larger the population the larger the country), is an example of what?

A

A Cartogram

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20
Q

Meridians (longitude) measure distance in what direction of the prime meridian? What is the value range?

A

East to West; 0-180 degrees

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21
Q

Parallels (latitude) measures distance in what direction of the equator? What is the value range?

A

North to South; 0-90 degrees

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22
Q

What is written first, longitude or latitude?

A

Longitude then latitude

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23
Q

Earth is divided into how many time zones? The time zones equal _____ degree segments

A

24; 15 degrees

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24
Q

What is the master reference time for all points on earth?

A

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

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25
Q

Where is GMT located?

A

The prime meridian (0 degrees longitude)

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26
Q

Where is the international date line located?

A

180 degrees longitude

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27
Q

If you are heading east of the international date line do you go forward or back 24 hours? What about if you are heading west?

A

East: back 24 hours
West: forward 24 hours

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28
Q

The international date line goes between ______ and ________

A

Russia and Alaska

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29
Q

What is remote sensing?

A

The science of gathering data about the earth’s surface from a considerable distance as aerial photography or satellite

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30
Q

What is remote sensing good for?

A

Looking at a place over time

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31
Q

What is computer technology that captures, stores, analyzes, manipulates, and displays geographic data?

A

Geographic information systems (GIS)

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32
Q

With GIS, how is data stored?

A

In layers

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33
Q

____ = the physical characteristics of a place

A

Site

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34
Q

____ = location of a place relative to others

A

Situation

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35
Q

Religion, language, clothing, and food are examples of what?

A

Culture

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36
Q

Describe what a region is

A

An area w/ unifying characteristics that are unique and distinctive to that place

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37
Q

What are the 2 types of globalization?

A

1) Economy

2) Culture

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38
Q

Globalization of economy has been created primarily by what?

A

Transnational corporations

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39
Q

Globalization of culture is caused by what? Give some examples.

A

Increasingly uniform cultural preferences, producing a uniform “global” landscape
EX: yoga moving around the world, McDonalds

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40
Q

What are the 3 main properties of distribution?

A

1) Density
2) Concentration
3) Pattern

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41
Q

Density, Concentration, or Pattern?

1) geometric arrangement of features
2) Number of features and land area
3) Extension of features spread over space

A

1) Pattern
2) Density
3) Concentration

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42
Q

W/in concentration:
what is clustered?
what is dispersed?

A 
Clustered = closely spaced together
Dispersed = relatively far apart
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43
Q

In regards to spatial interaction…
What places are in the core?
What places are in the periphery?

A 
Core = North America, Western Europe, Japan (developed)
Periphery = Africa, Asia, Latin America (developing)
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44
Q

Environmental protection, economic growth, and social equality are 3 pillars for what?

A

Sustainability

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45
Q

Cultural economy is the geographic study of _____-_____ relationships

A

Human-environment

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46
Q

Places considered too harsh for occupancy have diminished over time due to what 2 factors?

A

Environmental modifications and technology

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47
Q

What is Arithmetic Density? How is it computed?

A

The total number of objects in an area

Computation: divide population by land area

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48
Q

What is Physiological Density? How is it computed?

A

People per unit by arable land

computation: divide population by arable land

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49
Q

What is Agricultural Density? How is it computed?

A

Number of farmers to amount of arable land

Computation: divide population of farmers by the arable land

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50
Q

Took all of human history to reach _ ______ in 1800

A

1 billion

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51
Q

What does the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) mean?

A

Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people

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52
Q

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?

Computation?

A

Percentage by which population grows in a year

Computation: CBR-CDR / 10 = NIR

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53
Q

NIR excludes what?

A

Migration

54
Q

What is the average number of children a women will have in her child bearing years? What are the child bearing years?

A

Total Fertility Rate

15-49 y/o

55
Q

What is the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)? How is it usually expressed?

A

Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 y/o

Expressed per 1000 births, NOT by percentage

56
Q

CBR, NIR, TFR, IMR are all higher in _____ countries, CDR is higher in ______ countries

A

Developing; Developed

57
Q

What are the 4 stages of Demographic Transition?

A

1) Low population growth
2) High population growth
3) Decreasing population growth
4) Birth and Death rates are alms the same

58
Q

What stage is most of the developing world in? What about the developed world?

A

Developing: Stage 2
Developed: Stage 3

59
Q

What is a possible stage 5? What is an example?

A

Death rates are overtaking birth rates so the population is declining
Example: Russia

60
Q

What is the Malthus overpopulation theory?

A

The population was growing faster than the increase in food supply (1798)

61
Q

According to Malthus, without “checks”, there will be what?

A

A Malthusian Catastrophe

62
Q

What are some examples of the “checks” Malthus was talking about?

A

Famine, drought

63
Q

____-________ advocate for population control including the use of contraception; did Malthus believe in contraception?

A

Neo-Malthusians; NO

64
Q

Neo-Malthusians are also concerned with ______ degradation. Did Malthus think about this?

A

Environment degradation; NO

65
Q

On a global scale, have conditions supported Malthus’s theory?

A

NO

66
Q

Food production has increased at a faster rate that _____

A

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

67
Q

According to the TED talk video…

1) The gap between the developing and developed world is more of a ____ today
2) Rosling believes the developing world will move forward economically if they do what?
3) What 3 things does Rosling identify as the key to slowing population growth?

A

1) Continuum
2) Use green technology and prevent bad climate change
3) Increased family planning, education, longer child life-expectancy

68
Q

_____ _______ focuses on distinct health threats in each stage of demographic transition

A

Epidemiological Transition

69
Q

What are the 4 stages of epidemiological transition?

A

1) Pestilence and Famine
2) Receding Pandemic
3) Degenerative Disease
4) Delayed Degenerative Disease

70
Q

The black plague is an example of what stage?

A

Stage 1

71
Q

Cardiovascular disease and cancer is an example of what stage?

A

Stage 3

72
Q

A pandemic that is slowing down, leading to a rapidly declining CDR is in what stage?

A

Stage 2

73
Q

Cancer that is being slowed down due to modern medicine is in what stage?

A

Stage 4

74
Q

What is the possible stage 5 of the epidemiological transition?

A

Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases

75
Q

What are 2 factors contributing to stage 5?

A

1) Evolution: infectious diseases evolve and establish drug resistance, and antibiotic & genetic engineering contributes to new strains of viruses and bacteria
2) Increased connections: transportation makes it easier for people to be in another country before showing symptoms

76
Q

What are the 2 indicators of health?

A

1) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

2) Life expectancy

77
Q

In developed countries, health care is typically what?

A

A public service available at little to no cost

78
Q

In developing countries, individuals must do what?

A

Pay over half the code of health care

79
Q

What developed country is an exception to the health care standard?

A

The US, individuals pay about 55% of health care

80
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ = migration FROM a location
\_\_\_\_\_ = migration TO a location
A

Emigration

Immigration

81
Q

What is the difference between the level of emigration and the level of immigration?

A

Net migration

82
Q

What is more numerous, internal or international migration?

A

Internal

83
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ = migration w/in same country but NEW region
\_\_\_\_\_ = migration w/in same country but SAME region
A

Interregional

Intraregional

84
Q

The center of population growth is where?

A

Where the average population is

85
Q

What caused large interregional migration in Russia?

A

The soviet gov’t encouraged factory construction near raw material, moved from west to east. Lead to forced migration and incentives for migration

86
Q

Rural to Urban is mostly in the _____ world, what is it motivated by?

A

Developing; motivated by economic advancement

87
Q

Urban to _____ & _____ is mostly in the developed world and caused by what?

A

Suburban & rural; caused by desired lifestyle

88
Q

Migration Transition is a change in the migration pattern of a society that results from ____ & ____ changes that also produce what?

A

Social & Economic; Demographic transition

89
Q

Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from _______ to _______ counties

A

Developing to Deeveloped

90
Q

Where are the 3 largest migrant flows?

A

1) From Asia to Europe
2) From Asia to North America
3) From Latin America to North America

91
Q

What are the 3 main eras of immigration in the US?

A

1) Colonial Settlement in 17th & 18th centuries
2) Mass European migration in late 19th & early 20th centuries
3) Asian and Latin American Immigration in late 20th & early 21st centuries

92
Q

What caused the Colonial Settlement migration?

A

Colonists from Great Britain and the forced migration of slaves

93
Q

What caused the Mass European migration?

A

The industrial revolution

94
Q

What caused the Asian and Latin American immigration?

A

Countries move to stage 2 of the demographic transition

95
Q

Recently US immigration from Latin America has _____ because of _____

A

Slowed; recession

96
Q

What are push and pull factors?

A

Push: induce people to MOVE OUT of present location
Pull: induce people to MOVE IN to a new location

97
Q

What are the 3 groups of forced political migrants recognized by the UNHCR?

A

1) Refugee
2) Internally Displaced People (IDP)
3) Asylum Seeker

98
Q

Refugee, IDP, or Asylum Seeker?

1) Someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee
2) Forced to migrate to escape fear for his or her life, but has not migrated across an international border
3) Forced to migrate to avoid potential threat to his or or life and cannot return for fear of persecution

A

1) Asylum Seeker
2) IDP
3) Refugee

99
Q

Are there more IDPs or refugees?

A

IDPs

100
Q

What is the mot common environmental push factor?

A

Water- flood or drought

101
Q

What are 2 positive impacts of immigration for the host country?

A

1) Expansion of labor supply

2) Immigrants bring energy, innovation, and diversity

102
Q

What are 4 challenges of immigration for the host country?

A

1) Security concerns
2) Pressure on support services
3) Threat to national identity
4) Discrimination of immigrants

103
Q

What are 5 positive impacts of immigration for the home country?

A

1) Remittances (payments sent home by migrants)
2) Fewer people to be fed/ housed
3) Reduced pressure on resources
4) Reduced unemployment
5) Returning migrants bring savings and skills

104
Q

What are 2 challenges of immigration for the home country?

A

1) Loss of workforce (brain drain)

2) Division of families

105
Q

What are the 3 steps in the path for refugee status?

A

1) Flee home country and enter a second country, register with UNHCR
2) Get approved by homeland security and USCIS
3) Government and Agency Coordination

106
Q

How long does a refugee application take?

A

2-5 years

107
Q

The US resettles what percent of the world’s refugees?

A

0.004%

108
Q

How many people are let in to the US per year?

A

70,000

109
Q

How many countries let in refugees?

A

12

110
Q

How strict are the US policies for refugees?

A

The strictest out of all the countries

111
Q

What is an SIV visa and who is it for?

A

For people who helped the US military in their home country, it makes it easier to fringe family (not including brothers and sisters) to the US and get their green card faster

112
Q

People who get an SIV visa are usually what?

A

Translators

113
Q

The National Origins Act of 1921 & 1924 set what?

A

Quotas that limited immigration from particular countries, so a certain % of people from each country could be let in

114
Q

What did the Immigration Act of 1965 do? Who did it give preference to?

A

It abolished the quota system, preference for skilled immigrants and family reunification

115
Q

What did the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 do?

A

Granted legalization to millions of unauthorized immigrants already in the US who met certain qualifications, AND made it illegal for employers to knowingly hire illegal immigrants

116
Q

What did the USA Patriot Act of 2001 do?

A

Put immigration under the control of the Department of Homeland Security, AND made provisions to increase the difficulty of entering the country for known or suspected terrorists

117
Q

What did the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) do?

A

Called for deferred action for certain undocumented young people who came to the US as a child

118
Q

What is the global quota for immigration?

A

About 700,000

119
Q

Does the global quota apply to refugees?

A

NOPE

120
Q

What are the 3 preferences the US exhibits when letting in immigrants?

A

1) Family reunification (3/4)
2) Skilled workers
3) Diversity

121
Q

About how many unauthorized immigrants are in the US?

A

11.2 million

122
Q

What percent of unauthorized immigrants in the US are Mexican? How many children?

A

49%

1 million

123
Q

In the US, the duration of residency has ______ for unauthorized immigrants

A

Increased

124
Q

How many unauthorized immigrants in the US are employed?

A

8 million

125
Q

What 2 states have the largest number of unauthorized immigrants?

A

Texas and California

126
Q

Population growth in European countries today is fueled by what?

A

Immigration

127
Q

Over how many refugees entered Europe in 2015?

A

1 million

128
Q

About how many refugees have died in the mediterranean trying to make it to Europe?

A

3,000

129
Q

What European country passed the law that allows them to siege valuables form refugees?

A

Denmark

130
Q

What percent of refugees are in Europe? How did most of the arrive?

A

10%

By sea

GEOG 280 (3 decks)

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