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Genetics > Final: Immune System Part 1 > Flashcards

Final: Immune System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the immune consists cells that occur mainly within….

A

the circulatory system

collectively called white blood cells

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2
Q

innate immunity

A

cells part of a rapid response

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3
Q

adaptive immunity

A

cells part of a slow response

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4
Q

where are WBC formed?

A

in bone barrow

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5
Q

lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

brains of adaptive immunity

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6
Q

antigen

A

foreign molecules that evoke an immune response and are targeted by antibodies

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7
Q

antibody

A

proteins that can bind two identical antigens

mark antigens for destruction

found freely circulating in blood or mounted on B-cell surfaces

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8
Q

problem targeting antigens

A

how to locate and target them?

must be one antibody that binds the antigen before it can be destroyed

if the body doesn’t have the right antibody it can’t fight off the invader

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9
Q

what happens when an antibody binds an antigen

A

cross linking can occur forming antigen-antibody complexes

both binding sites of the antibody can interact with the same antigen

antigen labeled for destruction by macrophages

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10
Q

basic structure of an antibody

A

protein with two identical halves shaped in a Y

heavy chain and light chain protein

at the tip of each branch on top, there is an antigen binding site

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11
Q

variable regions

A

parts of the antibody that contact the antigen

different shapes like a pocket or groove

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12
Q

constant regions

A

parts below the variable regions

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13
Q

how is an antibody held together

A

disulfide bridges

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14
Q

hypervariable regions

A

part of the heavy and light chains where the actual antigen binding surfaces are

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15
Q

how is antibody diversity created?

A

antibodies are made by millions of b-cells

diversity comes from the variable regions

every b cell makes a single kind of antibody with a unique binding site

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16
Q

how many antibodies do b cells make?

A

~100 billion

essentially infinate

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17
Q

how many protein coding genes are in the human genome

A

20,000-25,000

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18
Q

keys to antibody diversity

A

alternative splicing

more importantly, gene rearrangement

antibody genes are put together from separate DNA regions

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19
Q

gene rearrangement

A

antibody genes are kits with alternative components

different kit for heavy and light chains

we inherit the pieces of each kit

20
Q

heavy chain kit chromosome

A

14

21
Q

light chain kit chromosomes

A

2, 22

22
Q

parts of heavy chain proteins

A

V, D, J, C

23
Q

parts of light chain proteins

A

V, J, C

24
Q

what does VDJC stand for heavy chain

A

V: varible ~120 alternative variable regions

D: diversity ~27 alternative diversity regions

J: joining ~9 alternative joining regions

C: constant 5 alternative types of constant region

25
Q

how many heavy chain genes do we have

A

~30,000

26
Q

what does VJC stand for light chain

A

V: varible ~100 alternative variable regions

J: joining ~5 alternative joining regions

C: constant 2 alternative types of constant region

27
Q

how many light chain genes do we have?

A

~ 500

28
Q

heavy chain + light chain combination number

A

about 15 million combinations

far from 100 billion so how?

DNA splicing

29
Q

sloppy splicing

A

VJ and VDJ splice-junctions are sloppy

bases are gained or lost b/c uses NHEJ

30
Q

inserted nucleotides

A

in sloppy splicing a few more bases are inserted at junctions

this increases diversity of coding in spliced segments

31
Q

sloppy splicing and inserted nucleotides make many…

A

frameshift mutations: make non-functional antibody genes

these b-cells just apoptose b/c nonfunctional

32
Q

can you pass antibody genes onto children?

A

no, they are not in germline cells

33
Q

new antibodies are expressed…

A

on the b-cell surface

34
Q

how many antibodies does each b cell make?

A

just one

only uses one allele (allelic exclusion)

35
Q

clonal deletion

A

young b cells die if they bind to an antigen

this is b/c whatever a young b cell binds to must be one of the body’s own molecules

clonal deletion prevents this young b cell from making an antibody that would attack the body

36
Q

each b cells waits….

A

for an antigen that will bind its unique surface antibody

could live for 20 years or longer just waiting

37
Q

b cells work with…

A

t cells

38
Q

what happens when a mature b cell has an antigen bind its antibody?

A

the antigen is engulfed and cut into pieces

the pieces are displaced on the b cell surface

this may lead to activation of the b cell by a helper T cell

the activated b cell differentiates into plasma cells, which further manufacture the antibody

39
Q

structure of a t cell receptor (TCR)

A

protein dimer has alpha and beta chain

each chain has a constant region and variable region

gene kits like antibodies

40
Q

constant region attaches TCR to the

A

membrane

41
Q

variable region of TCR

A

alpha-beta dimer forms single antigen binding site

42
Q

t cells are derived from

A

arise in bone marrow

mature in the thymus

43
Q

b cells are derived from

A

arise and mature in bone marrow

44
Q

do t cells undergo a stage of somatic hypermutation?

A

no

45
Q

are b cell receptors (antibodies) secreted in the blood and expressed on b cell membranes?

A

yes

46
Q

are TCRs expressed on t cell membranes and secreted in the blood?

A

no, only expressed on the membrane

Genetics (33 decks)

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