Final Images Flashcards by Alexis Charbonneau

N/D/L: Trajan’s market by Apollodorus of Damascus, 110 CE, Rome

DETAILS:

A giant hemicycle was part of this complex, which climbed the hill and included 150 tabernae, or shops, many of them lit with clerestories.

Largest covered open space in Empire, using massive concrete groin vaults and flying buttresses to create the interior space

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N/D/L: Teotihuacan, Mexico, c. 200 CE

DETAILS:

Largest ancient city in Meso-America

Mix of commerce, ritual, administration, residential uses

Largest group of largest pyramids

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N/L/D: El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, 890 CE

DETAILS:

Most impressive hypostyle hall in Meso-America

Extensive evidence of astronomy and calendar events linked to architecture

El Castillo a “radial” pyramid used as calendar with 91 steps each side

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N/D/L: The Pantheon, Rome, built under the Emperor Hadrian, 125 CE

DETAILS:

142 feet high and in diameter; 27 foot diameter oculus.

Largest domed space until the sixth century

Temple to “all” gods

Hadrian held court there occasionally

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N/L/D: The Forum at Pompeii, Italy, 70 CE

Example of typical Roman open space in cities and towns

Temple of Jupiter on most important axis of Forum

Basilica a prototype for administrative and judicial activities, will become model for Christian churches

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N/D/L: The Baths of Diocletian, Rome, 280 CE.

DETAILS:

One of largest bath complexes in Roman Empire; accommodated 3000 visitors

Open vaulted spaces the largest to date thanks to concrete groin vaulting

Walls and ceilings covered with mosaics, paintings, and reliefs

Place where Romans socialized, relaxed, practiced sport, and conducted business

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N/D/L: Temple I at Tikal, Guatemala, 600 CE

DETAILS:

Roof-combs used as identifiers

Temple I contained a king’s tomb in the foundation

Contained corbeled arches, typical of Mayan construction

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N/D/L: 500 BCE, Etruscan temple, Etruria

DETAILS:

The Tuscan Order; smooth column shafts with bases and Doric-like capitals

Walls of stone and mud-brick, Roof of timber and terra cotta

Often three cellae

Statuary on roof; no pediment

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N/D/L: The Imperial Shinto Great Shrine, Ise, Japan, 792 CE

DETAILS:

Shrine to Sun goddess Amaterasu

Location related to sacred mountains

Sacred objects are not figural representations of deities

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N/D/L: Tumuli in the Banditaccia necropolis, Cerveteri, 500 BCE

DETAILS:

Excavated tombs carved out of tufa

Replicants of Etruscan houses with furniture and tools, kitchen utensils, also roof structure

Wall murals show Etruscan life

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N/D/L: Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli, 125 CE (SCENIC CANAL)

DETAILS:

reproduced in miniature a canal in Alexandria, Egypt lined with dining halls and pleasure palaces.

Another pumpkin dome at the end of the canal in the Serapeum or “Grand Triclinium” for dining

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N/D/L: Kailasanatha Hindu Temple at Ellora, India, 760 CE.

One of the largest examples of a rock cut temple

Served as places of worship but also as sculptures

Architecture symbolized male/female union and the union of heaven and earth

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N/D/L: The Catacombs, Rome, 250 CE

DETAILS:

Extensive network of underground passages and rooms for Christian worship and burial during the time of persecution

First examples of use of dome as symbol of Christ and heaven

Walls were decorated with Bible stories and images of Christ as the Good Shepherd

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N/D/L: Model of the ideal Chinese house layout

DETAILS:

Offset entry for privacy

Central axis and importance of symmetry

Courtyard important

Screens for openings, use of red for good fortune

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N/D/L: Tikal, Guatemala, 600 CE

DETAILS:

Oldest and largest of Mayan cities

Ritual center built on leveled hilltop between two ravines

Example of continued use of pyramids for ritual sacrifice and ballcourts for ritual game and sacrifice

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N/D/L: Great Mosque, Damascus, 707-714 built by Caliph al-Walid I

DETAILS:

Example of re-purposing and adding onto existing buildings for Islamic religion

First use of minarets (appropriated guard towers)

Columns, as at Old St. Peter’s, were spolia

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N/D/L: The Forum of Trajan, Rome, designed by Apollodorus of Damascus, 110 CE

DETAILS:

The largest forum of an emperor in the larger context of the Roman Forum

Basilica was largest in Empire

Markets were largest covered open space, using massive concrete groin vaults and flying buttresses to create the interior space

Tranjan’s column was 128-foot- high monument to his victories in Dacia (modern Romania) with a continuous marble spiral relief

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N/L/D: Theater of Pompey, Rome, 55 BCE.

DETAILS:

First permanent theater in Rome and for a long time the largest and most popular

Promoted as temple to Venus Victrix to appease the Senate

Parts of it have been repurposed many times for commercial and residential uses

The UW Rome Center located here

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N/D/L: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 690, built by Abd al-Malik

DETAILS:

The first great Umayyad monument to Islam

Sacred site related to sacrifice of Issac, Abraham’s son and to Muhammed’s visit to heaven

Political currency in attaching the new monument to an ancient Biblical site to draw people away from a rival clan controlling Mecca

N/D/L: Chinese capital, China, 700 BCE

DETAILS:

Oriented to the cardinal points

Three gates per side, Three sets of three sets of three

avenues

Emperor’s palace at center

Main entry from south

N/D/L: Santa Costanza, Rome, 340 CE

DETAILS:

Built by Constantine’s daughter as a burial rotunda, transformed into a central plan church

Became important prototype for central plan churches through many periods

Mix of Christian and pagan iconography typical of this transitional period

N/D/L: The Fogong Si Pagoda, Yingxian, China, 1056

DETAILS:

oldest and tallest multi-story wood structure in the world

Placed on central axis

Contained large statues of Buddha

Santa Costanza, Rome, c. 340 CE

N/D/L: The Arch of Constantine, Rome, 315 CE

DETAILS:

Triumphal arches used by most emperors to mark the entries to cities they founded

In the Roman Forum at Rome, triumphal arches were used to mark the accomplishments of each emperor

Here, we have spolia, parts of other emperors’ arches that Constantine took for his own, breaking off their heads and replacing them with his own image

Example, as at the Colosseum, of using columns for decorative purposes only

N/D/L: Hagia Sofia, Constantinople, begun 532 by Justinian, architects: Anthemius of Tralles (mechanical engineer) and Isidorus of Miletus (physics professor) DETAILS: Justinian’s project became largest and most important church of Eastern Roman Empire Structural marvel even with its seismic failures, which resulted in part from hasty construction (built in 5 years) and poor use of mortar Dome became model for many small Byzantine churches throughout empire, whether built on squinches or pendentives

N/D/L: Timgad, Algeria, 100 CE under the Emperor Trajan DETAILS: Example of the gridded Roman colonial towns Trajan pushed the Empire to its greatest limits geographically Use of cardo (N-S street) and decumanus (E-W street) to order layout Triumphal arches at main entry to town

N/D/L: Ballcourt, Chichen Itza, Mexico, 890 CE DETAILS: Most impressive hypostyle hall in Meso-America Ball court largest and most ornate in Meso-America Extensive evidence of astronomy and calendar events linked to architecture

N/D/L: Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli, 125 CE (WATER COURT) DETAILS: courtyard complex had nymphaeum, “pumpkin” dome over entry had inverted volutes on Ionic columns near nymphaeum.

N/D/L: Pyramid of the Moon, 200 CE, Teotihuacan DETAILS: Pyramids use common elements oftalud/tablero design Largest ancient city in Meso-America Mix of commerce, ritual, administration, residential uses

N/L/D: “Temple” of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, 120 BCE DETAILS: Example of Roman mixed use building with token temple (tholos) at rear Retaining walls and vaulting used concrete as well as other mixed masonry techniques; yet another example of excellent Roman engineering Bent stoas, semi-circular stoas, grand access ramps and stairs show Hellenistic influence

N/D/L: Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526 CE. DETAILS: Another important example of the Byzantine style in its plain exterior and highly decorated interior Becomes key model of central plan/octagonal church with complex ambulatory Large mosaic panels depict Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora celebrating the Mass (as patrons of the church)

N/D/L: The Colosseum, Rome, c. 70 CE. Started by Vespasian as a project to re-claim the private property of Nero for the Roman public and provide them entertainment Built on Nero’s lake Finished by his son the Emperor Domitian Largest example of the amphitheater in the Roman Empire; seating for 55,000 people Engineering marvel: structure of concrete vaults, large masonry blocks, and brickwork

N/D/L: A typical Japanese house DETAILS: Based on the tatami module, 3 x6 feet Asymmetrical layout Flexible partitions

N/D/L: The Great Stupa, established by Ashoka at Sanchi, India 250 BCE DETAILS: Ashoka’s stambah stands to side of south entry one of thousands of sandstone obelisks erected to proclaim his laws and evidence of Persian influence from Alexander the Great Had an important stupa shrine

N/D/L: Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli, 125 CE (MARITIME THEATER) DETAILS: Hadrian (as architect) experiments with Roman architectural form and Greek ideas about situating buildings in space (on the land). Hadrian’s retreat on an artificial island with movable wooden bridge Also had annular vault around the perimeter, roofing for center complex undetermined

N/D/L: Horyuji Buddhist Temple complex, 607 CE, Nara, Japan DETAILS: In Japan, symmetry was not necessary (as in China) Pagoda used to store cult objects rather than statue of Buddha Buddha statues resided in “Golden Hall” or kondo

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 690, built by Abd al-Malik

N/D/L: The Katholikon Greece, 1025 DETAILS: Example of more typical, small scale Byzantine church used by a monastery or community Example of a dome on squinches with a clerestory Example of how dome was used to represent heaven and the Christian God

Tumuli in the Banditaccia necropolis

N/D/L: El Caracol, Chichen Itza, Mexico, 890 CE DETAILS: Most impressive hypostyle hall in Meso-America Extensive evidence of astronomy and calendar events linked to architecture El Caracol an observatory with openings aligned to celestial events

N/D/L: Buddhist cave temple at Karli, India, c. 150 CE DETAILS: Cave sites for both Buddhists and Hindus sponsored by Gupta leadership Viharas (monasteries) and a chaitya hall enclosing the stupa. Ashokan column (a stambha) at entry

Hagia Sofia, Constantinople, begun 532 by Justinian, architects: Anthemius of Tralles (mechanical engineer) and Isidorus of Miletus (physics professor)

N/L/D: A typical Roman middle-class house in Pompeii, 70 CE DETAILS: Organized around central axis Zoned with public areas in front (shops or meeting areas) and private areas towards rear Peristyle court was used for kitchen garden or pleasure garden

N/D/L: Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, 326 CE. DETAILS: The first state-sponsored Christian church, built by Constantine. Built over St. Peter’s tomb, it became the most important Christian church in Western Europe, a major pilgrimage site and the seat of the Christian Popes Most sacred area near apse where altar was located (over St. Peter’s tomb)

N/D/L: Chinese building standards, China, 960 CE DETAILS: Four main elements: roof, brackets, columns, and platform hierarchy of roof shapes

N/D/L: The Basilica Nova of Constantine, Rome, 306 CE DETAILS: Begun by Maxentius (rival of Constantine) and finished by Constantine, the apse held a giant statue of the seated Constantine Another grand open space thanks to concrete groin vaults Classic function of center of legal and administrative events This will become an important model for Renaissance and Baroque churches

N/L/D: The Ara Pacis (altar of peace) project of Augustus, Rome, 9 BCE DETAILS: An altar of sacrifice as propaganda for the Pax Augustus, built in the Campus Martius with an obelisk and giant sundial Augustus openly proclaimed his status as a divinity, established precedent for future emperors Frieze reliefs represent peace and prosperity for the Romans, depict children for the first time as symbols of fertility Original was polychrome, accurately depicted not only people but plants and animals