FINAL - I - Beliefs, Religion, and Change:

Question 1

animism:

Answer 1

an early theory used to explain the beliefs encountered in non-industrialized societies.

Question 2

mana:

Answer 2

makes a chief successful in Melanesian and Polynesian societies.

(raw/sacred impersonal force residing in people, animals, plants, places, and objects)

Question 3

witchcraft:

Answer 3

use of physic powers, or the result of bodily substances, which alter reality.

(often viewed as lacking control of their powers)

Question 4

sorcery:

Answer 4

performance of rites with the intention of altering reality.

Question 5

imitative magic:

Answer 5

like produces like
(western misconceptions of voodoo dolls, animal skull used to transfer a headache)
- Inuit hunting tools

Question 6

contagious magic:

Answer 6

• power comes from contact*

e. g., spitting alcohol, blowing smoke, hot peppers held in mouth, some concepts of mana

Question 7

rituals:

Answer 7

dramatic renderings or social portrayals of meanings shared by members of a group.

Question 8

[ritual] multifocal experiences:

Answer 8

they carry multiple perspectives and symbolic meanings (multivalent)

Question 9

[ritual] orthopraxy:

Answer 9

group members construct boundaries around “correct” forms of each ritual.

Question 10

cultural cohesion:

Answer 10

social solidarity and connectedness

Question 11

Rites of Intensification:

Answer 11

Rituals structured to reinforce the values and norms of a community and to strengthen group identity.

Question 12

mythos:

Answer 12

myth system of a population.

- include relationships between individuals/groups with supernatural or spirit-beings that are part of their mythos.

Question 13

Myths:

Answer 13

sacred texts. May be transmitted as written texts, communicated orally, or embedded in various socially recognized symbols and/or include performances.

CAN INCLUDE:

• explain how world was created
• explain how humans, plants,animals roles
• define how to live morally
• what happens when we die

Question 14

Cannibal Dance:

Answer 14

taming of a cannibal spirit, the HAMATSA, who has an unquenchable desire for human flesh. Through swaddling, ritual fasting, denial of food, and other actions, parents TRANSFORM their children from wild beings into moral human beings.

• traditionally part of a four-day ritual.
• serves as highlight of the Kwakwaka’wakw Winter Ceremonial
• dancers portray cannibal birds with long beaks.

Question 15

hamatsa:

Answer 15

cannibal spirit who desires human flesh.

Question 16

Shaman:

Answer 16

religious leader who communicates the needs of the living with the spirit world.

(usually through some form of ritual trance or otherwise altered consciousness.

Question 17

fundamentalist:

Answer 17

conservative churches that advocate a return to fundamental or traditional principles that ought to be enacted on a larger scale (by the society at large)

Question 18

anomie:

Answer 18

a breakdown of social standards and values.
(the ease for individuals to feel disconnected from guidance, even leading to a deep sense of separation or anonymousness)