FINAL- Human Body Flashcards
what is the study of body STRUCTURE?
Anatomy
what is the study of body FUNCTION?
Physiology
what is the study of disease process and disorder?
Pathophysiology
what is the study of structure and composition of matter produced by chemical reactions?
Chemistry
what is a pathological condition resulting from various causes such as an infection in genetics, environmental stressors, or toxins?
Disease
what is the act of identifying the nature and cause of a disease or injury through assessment of patient history, physical exam, and review of laboratory?
Diagnosis
what is the physical and emotional equilibrium the ability of the body to maintain relative stability. It is a normal body function despite constant change.
Homeostasis
what is the smallest living unit of structure in the body?
Cells
what are groups of cells similar in function and structure?
Tissues
what are the levels of organization?
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
what is tissue that is arranged and formed in groups for special function with similar cells?
Organs
what are organs grouped together called?
A system
what are the four types of tissue called?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nerve
- Muscle
what are the main functions of the integumentary system?
- Regulates body temperature
- Sensation
- Communication
what is the integumentary system made up of?
- Skin
- Nails
- Hair
- Sweat & oil glands
what are the main functions of the musculoskeletal system?
- Motion
- Movements
- Protection
what is the musculoskeletal system made up of?
- Bones
- Joints
- Muscles
- Ligaments
- Tendons
what are the main functions of the nervous system?
- Communication throughout the body
- Regulation of homeostasis
- Sensory input
what is the nervous system made up of?
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
- Eyes
- Ears
what is the main function of the endocrine system?
Makes and regulates hormones
what is made up of the endocrine system?
Hormones and Glands
what are all the glands?
- Pituitary
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Adrenal
- Pineal
- Gonads
- Pancreas
- Thymus
what is the function of the pituitary gland?
- Receives signals from the hypothalamus
- Controls function of the ovaries, testes, adrenal gland
- Kidney growth of the body
what is the function of the thyroid gland?
Controls metabolism and amount of calcium
what is the function of the parathyroid?
Regulates calcium levels
what is the function of the adrenal gland?
- Helps adapt to stress
* Regulates blood pressure
what is the function of the pineal gland?
Affects the sleep cycle & reproduces hormones
what is the main function of the pancreas?
Regulates the balance of sugar in our systems/ secretes insulin
what is the main function of the thymus gland?
Produce t-cells
which gland does the hypothalamus gland send a signal to that connects the nervous system to the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
what are the main functions of the circulatory system?
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
- Nutrient and waste product transport
- Body temp regulation
what is the circulatory system made up of?
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
what carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Arteries
what carries deoxygenated blood to the heart?
Veins
what is the function of capillaries?
Exchange in gas
deoxygenated blood travels from the body through?
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
blood travels into the right atrium of the heart then passes through _______ to the _____
- Tricuspid valve
2. Right ventricle
blood passes through the pulmonic valve into the _____ blood goes to the lungs for oxygen
Pulmonary artery
the lungs oxygenate the blood and it travels back to the heart in the _______
Pulmonary vein
the blood goes into the left atrium and passes through the bicuspid to the ____
Left ventricle
blood travels through the aortic valve to the ____
Aorta
what is the main function of the immune system?
Defend from outside factors
what makes up the immune system?
- Bone marrow
- Lymph nodes
- Lymphoid organs
- Immune related cells
what are lymphoid organs?
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Tonsils
what are immune related cells?
- White blood cells
- antibodies/antigens
- T cells
what is responsible for producing white blood cells?
Bone marrow
which proteins produced by white blood cells binds to antigens?
Antibodies
what protects us from viruses and bacteria and protects us from immunity?
T cells
what is the main function of the hematologic system?
- Regulation
- Transportation
- Protection
what makes up the hematologic system?
- Blood
- Plasma
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
what is the liquid in which blood cells travel in?
Plasma
what transfers oxygen to the blood and carbon dioxide away?
Red blood cells
what is found in blood that is known for clotting?
Platelets
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
Removes what immune system destroyed, removes excess fat
what makes up the lymphatic system?
- Lymph fluid
- Lymph vessels
- Lymph nodes
- Lymphoid organs
What looks like plasma blood contains less protein, carries fluid and waste away from tissue, and absorbs fat and transports to the bloodstream?
Lymph fluid
what stores blood and is it put way for fluid in the lymphatic system?
Lymph vessels
what cleans out Debris in the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes
what is the function of the respiratory system?
Pathway for air exchange
what makes up the upper respiratory tract?
- Nose
- Sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
what is known as the voice box in the respiratory system?
Larynx
what makes up the lower respiratory tract?
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Lungs
what is the function for digestive system?
Breaks down nutrients small enough for the body to absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair
what makes up the digestive system?
- Mouth
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Accessory organs
what makes up the large intestine?
- Appendix
- Cecum
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anus
what makes up accessory organs in the digestive system?
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Peritoneum
what is the function of the urinary system?
Filter blood and create urine as a waste by product
what makes up the urinary system?
- 2 kidneys
- 2 ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
what is the function of male testes?
Testosterone production
what makes up the male reproductive system?
- Testes
- Ductal system
- Scrotom
- Penis
- Accessory glands
what makes up female reproductive system?
- Ovaries
- Oviducts
- Uterus
- Vagina
- External
- Genetelia
- Breasts
what is another name for oviducts?
Fallopian tubes
what are glands of reproduction that are influenced by hormones?
Gonads
anatomic position requires:
- Standing upright
- Facing forward
- Arms at the side, palms forward
- Feet slightly apart
superior means
Above
inferior means
Below
anterior means
Infront
posterior means
Back
ventral
Toward the front
dorsal
Toward the back
medial means
Toward the midline
lateral means
Away from the midline
internal means
Within interior
external means
Outside or exterior
central means
The main part
peripheral means
Extending from the main part
proximal means
Closer to the origin
distal means
Farther from the origin
parietal means
Pertaining to the wall of cavity
visceral means
Pertaining to an organ within a cavity
dorsal cavity is made up of:
- Cranial cavity
* Vertebral cavity
ventral cavity is made up of:
- Thoracic
- Diaphragm
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
frontal section means
Divide body into a front and back section
sagittal section means
Divide the body into a left and right section
transverse sections means
Divide the body into an upper section and a lower section
cross section means
Separates the inferior and superior portions of the body
longitudinal section means
Refers to a section along the long axis of a structure
what are the 4 quadrants?
- Ruq
- Rlq
- Luq
- Llq
what are the nine regions?
- Right hypochondriac
- Epigastric
- Left hypochondriac
- Right lumbar
- Umbilical
- Left lumbar
- Right iliac
- Hypogastric
- Left iliac
