Final hints Flashcards
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
Values Orientation theory
universal problems - value based solutions - attitudes
Values as cognitive representations of 3 human reqs, bi
Rokeach Value Survey
Terminal vs instrumental values
- Values generally influence behaviour and attitudes
Schwartz Values Cirumplex
Values may influence behaviours unconsciously, but they are available to be recalled
values are relatively stable
Congruent and conflicting values as beside/opposite in the circle
10 Broad values, subsets
Main Value dimensions after factor analysis, causes of values change
- Conservation, openness, self-enhancement and self-transcendence
- Cohort effect, Age effect, Historical period effect
Dimensions of Cultures - Hofstede
Attempted to locate the value structures that distinguish cultures
- four main: power distance, individualistic vs collectivistic, uncertainty avoidance and Masculine vs feminine
Hofstede vs Shwartz
originally limited to non-post comm countries and big business employees, so maybe less universal?
No acknowledgement of post-materialist changes in the 1980s plus
Social Distance scale - Bogardus
Attitudes towards a culture or ethnic group are expressed in the respondent score (the acceptable distance at which the outgroup may exist)
Semantic differential - Osgoode
3 Aspects of semantics
Measures attitudes towards polar opposite words by assessing their meaning to people
- Evaluation (good or bad, most relevant to att)
- Potency: strong or weak in meaning
- Activity: active or passive
Problems with verbal reports
- Unwilling to express real internal opinions
- May possess attitudes of which we are explicitly unaware
- Response styles can affect answers
Theory of Planned Behaviour - Icek Azjen
Attitudes as the sum of beliefs about behaviours weighted by the evaluation of beliefs
Attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control result in behavioural intent
Perceived behavioural control may exert influence in 2 directions, when low, lots, when high, little.
MODE model
Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants of Behaviour
- can actively control our behaviour when we possess sufficient motivation and opportunity
- otherwise … only highly accessible attitudes will influence
RIM model
Reflective - Impulsive model
- Reflective as reasoned consideration of available info
- Impulsive as not that
Authoritarianism - Adorno
More hostile to lower authority, high listening to above - read again
Right wing Authoritarianism - Altemeyer
Authoritarian submission - Agreeable to legitimate authorities
Conventionalism - High degree of conformity to norms
Authoritarian Aggression - Generalized aggression towards outgroups, or where the violence is legitimized by an authority figure
predictors of RW authoritarianism
- Family background - attachment type, use of physical punishment, limited experience w outgrips
- Education: decreases
- Parenthood:
- Increased RWA In the 80s - social factors
- Social crisis increase RWA
Social Dominance theory
The tendency to form group based hierarchies
Legitimizing Myths - justify inequalities
Potential lethal combo w RWA