Final hints Flashcards
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
Values Orientation theory
universal problems - value based solutions - attitudes
Values as cognitive representations of 3 human reqs, bi
Rokeach Value Survey
Terminal vs instrumental values
- Values generally influence behaviour and attitudes
Schwartz Values Cirumplex
Values may influence behaviours unconsciously, but they are available to be recalled
values are relatively stable
Congruent and conflicting values as beside/opposite in the circle
10 Broad values, subsets
Main Value dimensions after factor analysis, causes of values change
- Conservation, openness, self-enhancement and self-transcendence
- Cohort effect, Age effect, Historical period effect
Dimensions of Cultures - Hofstede
Attempted to locate the value structures that distinguish cultures
- four main: power distance, individualistic vs collectivistic, uncertainty avoidance and Masculine vs feminine
Hofstede vs Shwartz
originally limited to non-post comm countries and big business employees, so maybe less universal?
No acknowledgement of post-materialist changes in the 1980s plus
Social Distance scale - Bogardus
Attitudes towards a culture or ethnic group are expressed in the respondent score (the acceptable distance at which the outgroup may exist)
Semantic differential - Osgoode
3 Aspects of semantics
Measures attitudes towards polar opposite words by assessing their meaning to people
- Evaluation (good or bad, most relevant to att)
- Potency: strong or weak in meaning
- Activity: active or passive
Problems with verbal reports
- Unwilling to express real internal opinions
- May possess attitudes of which we are explicitly unaware
- Response styles can affect answers
Theory of Planned Behaviour - Icek Azjen
Attitudes as the sum of beliefs about behaviours weighted by the evaluation of beliefs
Attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control result in behavioural intent
Perceived behavioural control may exert influence in 2 directions, when low, lots, when high, little.
MODE model
Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants of Behaviour
- can actively control our behaviour when we possess sufficient motivation and opportunity
- otherwise … only highly accessible attitudes will influence
RIM model
Reflective - Impulsive model
- Reflective as reasoned consideration of available info
- Impulsive as not that
Authoritarianism - Adorno
More hostile to lower authority, high listening to above - read again
Right wing Authoritarianism - Altemeyer
Authoritarian submission - Agreeable to legitimate authorities
Conventionalism - High degree of conformity to norms
Authoritarian Aggression - Generalized aggression towards outgroups, or where the violence is legitimized by an authority figure
predictors of RW authoritarianism
- Family background - attachment type, use of physical punishment, limited experience w outgrips
- Education: decreases
- Parenthood:
- Increased RWA In the 80s - social factors
- Social crisis increase RWA
Social Dominance theory
The tendency to form group based hierarchies
Legitimizing Myths - justify inequalities
Potential lethal combo w RWA
SDO - Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth and Malle
SDO is the degree of preference of social inequalities
men higher than women
High SDO people seek out hierarchy enhancing professional roles, vice versa
Support beliefs in social ideologies that support inequalities and the policies that allow for them
Belanger’s 3-N Model
psychology of martyrdom - studies 1 and 2 demonstrate the construct validity, as well as showing that the scales are predictive of extreme behaviours
- Perceived moral justification links social alienation and political violence
FBI Hate crimes report
list a few I guess
Ma and Schoeneman - Industrial vs non-industrial
Self or group category responses as dependent on developmental degree (industrial or non-industrial)
Stability/Malleability of the self concept - Markus and Kunda
Significant contextual variations in salient features of the self concept, unique traits (in context) become more salient, more central to the self concept
Pan cultural self-enhancement - Sedikis et al.
West and East use distinct mechanisms to achieve positive self regard
West will improve individual traits, east opposite
Social class and Self esteem- Rosenberg and Pearlin - 4 principles
Class contextualized SE is void in childhood, gradually increases over the years
- 4 principles that alter in their content, but not importance
1. Social comparison
2. Reflected appraisals
3 Self- perception theory
4. Psychological centrality
Implications of Rejection Sen. for Intimate relationships
- Downey and Feldman
- 4 studies
- Gender differences
Ppl w high rs tend to anxiously expect, readily perceive and overreact to rejection criteria
4 studies:
1. Measure that operationalizes the anxious expectation component
2. anxious expecters perceive ambiguous behaviour as intent to reject
3. Entering a relationship w high RS/ anxiously expecting tend to perceive rejection in insensitive behaviour
4. partners in rel w ppl w high RS tend to be less satisfied
Male: high jealousy
Female: Hostility and diminished supportiveness
Mortality Selience - Greenberg et al.
3 studies
Based on terror management theory
when reminded of mortality, people make more positive attributions to ppl who share their belief system
1. Xtian reminded of mortality - att a jew and another xtian, hyp stands.
2. Negative attraction - READ
3. Make positive attributions to people who vocally accept their world view, and negative to those who criticize it
Autokinetic conformity - Sherif
succumb to the auto kinetic illusion in:
Highly ambiguous, or low competency situations
Asch’s line conformity
10 factors
Normative social influence based on the desire to avoid disapproval from the group
Conformity pressure is the underlying mechanism
Factors
1. Group size - up to a point
2. Group unanimity
3. Anonymity - eliminates the phenom
4. Expertise and status of audience members
- exp increases info
- status increases normative SI
5. Culture - conformity increases in interdep. cultures
6. Tight vs loose cultures
7. Public vs private compliance
8. Explanations for behaviours: conformity decreases if explanations are understood
9. Minority influence on the majority - informational, unanimity
10. Foot - in - the door
Social Facilitation - Zajonc
Arousal increase in the presence of others which results in the increased prevalence of a dominant response
- mere presence vs evaluation apprehension ? - further studies
Distraction conflict theory
-experiments?
Awareness of others as conflicting interests, which is arousing
Weapons effect - Gallina and Fass
Weapons illicit aggressive thoughts in college females
Excitation transfer theory
Frustration causes physiological arousal, which is expressed as hostility or ext (displacement)
Video games and Aggressive thoughts - Anderson and Dill
both increase longterm and in experiment conditions
Violence in the media
Copy cat violence, Chicago children study
Everyday Sadism - Paulus and Dutton
Sadism as a natural human condition
- still evident in our tendencies to view so many violent things
- Dark Triad
why people watch terrorist beheadings
- for paper, no worries
Alcohol and Heat effects on aggression
u kno
Southern culture of Honour - Cohen, nisbett, bowdle and Shwartz
cycle of insult and aggression
Empathy - Altruism hypothesis - Batson
Altruism as the potential motivation for helping
- 4 principles, not reducible to collectivism
Negative-State-Relief-Model - Cialdini
Witnessing distress is distressing, so we attempt to relief this negative affect
- Empathic concern as potentially motivational, but maybe just to relieve our own distress
Situational determinants and Kitty Genovese - Darley and Batson
Good Samaritan study
Situational determinants and Kitty Genovese - Darley and Batson
Good Samaritan study: people in a rush decrease altruism
Why dont people help?
1. Number effect
2. Decision making model - diffuse responsibility, pluralistic ignorance and Audience inhibition
3. Self-efficacy
Pillivian study, modelling effects
Cane victims, drunk victims, MODELLING EFFECTS
