Final Grammar Test Flashcards
what are the parts of speech
- noun
- verb
- adjective
- adverb
- pronoun
- conjunction
- preposition
- interjection
what is an adverb
a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb
list the coordinating conjunctions
For And Nor But Or Yet So
what can coordinating conjunctions join?
- two nouns
- two verbs
- two prep phrases
- two clauses of equal importance
what is a subordinating conjunction
these conjunctions join two or more clauses by making the other clause(s) “subordinate” to the main clause. The subordinate clauses cannot stand alone.
examples of subordinating conjunctions
since, although, before, when, while, because
action verbs
state the action done by the subject
linking verbs
show a state of being (can usually be replaced by = )
helping verbs
help the action and linking verbs by showing a tense or mood
-the helping verb is never last
predicate adjectives
functions like a predicate noun-comes after a linking verb and modifies the subject of the sentence
functions of the noun
- subject
- direct object
- object of the preposition
- indirect object
- appositive
- predicate nominative
- object complement
what makes up a clause
a subject + verb
independent clauses
can stand by themselves. They can be sentences.
dependent clauses
cannot stand by themselves. depend on an independent clause to make a complete sentence
adjective clauses
a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun
adverb clauses
a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb
noun clauses
a dependent clause that acts like a noun that has a noun function
how can independent clauses be linked
- with a comma and coordinating conjunction
- with a semicolon
how can dependent clauses be punctuated
- introductory adverbial phrases are set off with a comma
- adverbial clauses that are not introductory are not set off with a comma
- non essential phrases and clauses are set off with commas
what are the sentence types
- simple
- compound
- complex
- compound-complex
simple sentence
contains 1 independent clause and no dependent clause
compound sentence
contains 2+ independent clauses
complex sentence
contains 1 independent clause and 1+ dependent clause
compound-complex sentence
contains 2+ independent clauses and 1+ dependent clauses
comparative degree
two things, persons, or actions are compared
- Jingles is smarter than his brother, Rudolph.
- Rudolph, however, plays the piano more beautifully.
superlative degree
three or more things, persons, or actions are compared
- Most people agree that Jingle is the smartest gerbil in the country.
- Of all the gerbils I know, Rudolph plays the piano most beautifully.
object compliment (OC)
a noun (or adjective or pronoun) that completes the action of a verb by explaining more about the direct object. To have an OC, there must be a DO. Usually you can insert "to be" between the DO and the OC. -My cousin appointed me photographer for the ducks.
gerund
- always end in -ing and function as the noun in the sentence
- can serve any noun function
participle
-most often end in -ing or -ed (or the other past tense of the adjective e.g. broken) and always function as adjectives
the infinitive
- to + verb
- can function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns
absolute phrases
- starts with a noun followed by a participle
- is not a subject
- does not modify any word in the sentence
- is always separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma
- sets the conditions under which the rest of the sentence will be understood
the gerund phrase
- consist of a gerund along with any modifiers
- can only function as nouns
participial phrase
- beings with a participle and includes any objects or modifiers
- only function as adjectives
infinitive phrase
- consists of an infinitive along with any objects and modifiers
- function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
prepositional phrases
- beings with a preposition followed by any modifiers of the object
- can function as adjectives or adverbs
appositive phrases
- a group of words that function as an appositive
- renames or identifies a noun
