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Ethics From a Global Perspective > Final (From Review) ---Study First > Flashcards

Final (From Review) ---Study First Flashcards

1
Q

“Nichomachean Ethics”

A

Aristotle

“what is best and most pleasurable for all, is a life according to reason”

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2
Q

“Tao Te Ching”

A

Lao Tsu

“The simple life”- profit ignored, cleverness abandoned, selfishness minimized, desires reduced.

life without order rather than order without life

“the way, path”

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3
Q

“Living Large”

A

John Sullivan

“bring more of yourself, decrease suffering, nurture common life”

“how to win ourselves freedom of mind”

response-ability

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4
Q

“Caring”

A

Nel Noddings

accounts her duties as a wife and mother,

“contrasts with an ethic of rational princple”

feminist

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5
Q

“The Moral Foundations of an African Culture”

A

Kwasi Wiredu

community is always particular

family and communal relations

culture of west africa

Akan people

conception of persons

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6
Q

“The Land Ethic”

A

Aldo Leopold

human community rooted in the ground they inhabit

“take care of soil, animals, land”

land is to be loved and respected

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7
Q

“Famine, Affluence, and Morality”

A

Peter Singer

“if more people do nothing, we feel less obligated to do something”

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8
Q

“War and Massacre”

A

Thomas Nagel

“Utilitarianism and Absolutism”

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9
Q

“Can we talk? Understanding the ‘Other Side’ in the Animal Rights Debate”

A

Roger Gottlieb

unapologetic animal rights sympathizer

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10
Q

“what are old people for?”

A

Bill Thomas

aging should be a revered process, the elderly should be celebrated

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11
Q

“Design for a New World”

A

William McDonough

ethically designing buildings and industrial construction

new approach

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12
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty

categorical imperative

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13
Q

Maxim-

A

Rule

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14
Q

Categorical Imperative-

A

An obligation that applies to us regardless of other goals or situations

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15
Q

What is the test of the Categorical Imperative?

A

act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it be a universal law.

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16
Q

What are two formulations of the Categorical Imperative?

A

1) act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it be a universal law.
2) End, rather than means to an end

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17
Q

How does Kant’s theory differ from Utilitarianism?

A

Utilitarians believe we should act based on consequence, Kant believes we should act based on whether or not the action fulfills our duty

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18
Q

The Principle of Utility-

A

actions or behaviors are right in so far as they promote happiness or pleasure, wrong as they tend to produce unhappiness or pain

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19
Q

Objections to Utilitarianism

A

Problem of the Future- we can never be sure about consequences

Willing to Sacrifice Minority- Majority > Minority

Measurement Problem- no way to measure pleasure

Swine Objection- human life is no better than animal life

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20
Q

Mill’s Higher Pleasures and Lower Pleasures

A

Not all pleasures are equal

21
Q

Virtue Ethics-

A

A person who has acquired the proper set of dispositions will do what is right when faced with a situation involving a moral choice

22
Q

Characteristics of Virtue Ethics

A

Goal–> Habit–> better life

Always a chief end

23
Q

Greek View of Virtue-

A

Helps us fulfill our function

-Avoid excess and avoid defects

24
Q

Cultivating Virtue-

A

Virtue of Character is a mean between excess and deficiency

25
Q

Care Ethics

A

A fundamental Ethical value. When dealing with a moral problem, one must attend with care and concern to the complexities and particularities of the individuals involved in order to fully understand what is needed.

26
Q

Ethics and Community-

A

relationships and the bonds between others are primary

many moral obligations arise out of relationships

27
Q

Peter Singer’s conclusion

A

if people do nothing, we feel less obligated to do something

28
Q

Weak version of Singer’s Principle

A

Anything morally significant

29
Q

Strong version of Singer’s Principle

A

Anything of comparable moral importance

30
Q

Objections to Singer’s Principle

A

Distance, Proximity, confusion

31
Q

Singer’s Refutation to Objections,

A

Distance does not matter

Proximity is irrelevant

32
Q

Absolutist restrictions vs utilitarian requirement in the Conduct of War

A

utilitarianism gives concern to what will happen (outcome)
-there should be some restrictions on warfare

absolutism gives concern to what one is doing
-no one should kill anyone

33
Q

Cosmopolitanism-

A

Citizens of the cosmos

at home anywhere

34
Q

2 strands of cosmopolitanism-

A
  • One that stresses global obligations

- One that celebrates local differences

35
Q

Sir Richard Francis Burton-

A

Victorian adventurer

Traveled Europe

gypsys

36
Q

The Shattered Mirror

A

there are a variety of ways of life and thought

37
Q

Logical Positivism-

A

what people do is driven by beliefs and desires

38
Q

Beliefs vs Desires

A

beliefs- are supposed to reflect how the world is

desires- reflect how we would like it to be

39
Q

Naturalist Fallacy

A

being tempted to move from “what is” to “what ought to be”

40
Q

Conversation-

A

metaphor for imaginative engagement with experiences and ideas of others

41
Q

Problems with positivism-

A

where would one determine wrongness?

what science demonstrates it?

42
Q

3 ways appiah identifies people can disagree about values

A

vocabulary of evaluation

interpreting terms differently

we give values different weights

43
Q

are cross-cultural conversations bound to end in disagreement?

A

no. we can find common ground

44
Q

What are some of the practices and concepts that all human societies share in common, even if the expression of those practices and concepts takes culturally distinct forms?

A

Family structure

basic human survival: food, clothing, shelter.

personal names

45
Q

What are the points of entry to shared identity and meaningful conversation across cultures?

A

commonalities

46
Q

The expanding circle

A

caring for not only people but animals and land as well

47
Q

Counter-Cosmopolitans

A

counter-cosmopolitans believe in human dignity across the nations and force their views on everyone

48
Q

What do we owe strangers virtue of our shared community?

A

Judge like cases alike

Ethics From a Global Perspective (3 decks)

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