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Ethics From a Global Perspective > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define “Ethics”

A

The study of choices

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2
Q

What is ethical thinking and ethical action?

A

`Taking care of the basic needs and legitimate expectations of others, as well as our own

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3
Q

Normative Statement

A

A normative judgment is one that states some value or evaluative rule as a standard of other judgments, or applies such a value or rule to specific cases.

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4
Q

Descriptive Statement

A

A descriptive judgment makes an assertion that is offered as a statement of the facts that pertain in reality.

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5
Q

describe the origin of the word “Philosophy”

A

comes from the Greek “love of wisdom”

Phil= love Sophia= wisdom

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6
Q

Ethical Avoidance Disorders

A

Common pitfalls people stumble into when forced with ethical thinking

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7
Q

Flying by Instinct

A

Relying on gut feelings

using instincts and doing what is easy or familiar

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8
Q

Offhand self justification

A

Thinking as little as possible

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9
Q

Dogmatism

A

No other view is right besides your own.

Your argument rests on asserting that you’re right

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10
Q

Psychological Egoism

A

The view that everyone is selfish, and everything we do is to better ourselves

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11
Q

Relativism

A

Any moral opinion is better than any other

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12
Q

Martin Buber

A

“I and thou” vs “I and It”

focuses on relationships with others and focusing on others as ends rather than means

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13
Q

Emmanuel Kant

A
  • Only unconditional value is good will
  • Maxim= principle of action
  • preform from the motive of duty
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14
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Relies on the principle of unity

  • Act always in such a way that you maximize the pleasure of everyone
  • founded by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
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15
Q

Kantianism

A

persons are “ends” rather than “means”

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16
Q

Categorical Imperative

A

Always act as to treat humanity, whether in yourself or in another as an end and never as a means

act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it become a universal law

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17
Q

the principle of utility

A

The principle of utility determines the rightness
of acts (or rules of action?) by their effect on the
total happiness.

18
Q

Consequentialist theory

A

a moral theory is consequentialist if it is most concerned with what the outcomes are

19
Q

4 Key parts of Utilitarianism

A

Maximize
Pleasure
Everyone involved
Look at long term consequences

20
Q

Utilitarian Calculus

A

adding up total values and assigning possible outcomes

21
Q

Problems with measuring values

A

Problem of the future- must be sure about consequences

Willing to Sacrifice minority- Majority > Minority

Measurement problem- no way to measure pleasure

Swine Objection- life of human is no better than the life of an animal

22
Q

Mill’s Higher Pleasures and Lower Pleasures

A

higher pleasures are better than lower pleasures.

it is better to be a dissatisfied socrates than a satisfied fool

23
Q

basic idea of virtue ethics

A

A person who has acquired the proper set of dispositions will do what is right when faced with a situation involving a moral choice

24
Q

Characteristics of Virtue Ethics

A

ethics of virtue encompasses those moral values concerned with character:

honesty, loyalty, respect

25
Q

A Greek view of virtue

A

according to aristotle, rational self-regulation is the characteristic activity and therefore the “function” of of humans

26
Q

“Am I Blue?”

Alice Walker

A

about treating animals as equals

Neighbors get a horse, then they bring in a horse to breed with it, then take the breeding horse away, the horse is sad and upset

27
Q

“XYLO”

Rayna Rapp

A

about a painful abortion choice

focuses on the complexity of ethical choices

XY= unkown sex of the baby
LO= love the parents gave to the baby
28
Q

“Bloodties: Nature, Culture and the Hunt”

Ted Kerasote`

A

if you hunt and eat prey in a non wasteful manner, you are doing less damage to the environment than shopping at a supermarket

29
Q

“Le Chambon”

Phillip Hallie

A

about the opposite of cruelty is not the absence of cruelty, but the presence of something positive: hospitality

The french village of Le Chambon saved 6000 jewish people from dying in the holocaust.

30
Q

“Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals”

Emmanuel Kant

A

treating people as an end rather than a means to an end

31
Q

“The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights”

A

declares international “fundamental freedoms” and “human rights”

written by elanor roosevelt

32
Q

“Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience,”

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

A

happiness lies in the flow of experience.

happiness is not a destination, it’s the train you are riding on

inner experience, optimal experience, participation

33
Q

“Unitarianism,”

John Stuart Mill

A

actions are right if they tend to promote the most happiness and wrong if they dont

34
Q

“the harm that good men do”

Bertrand Russell

A

if men only preformed actions labeled as “good” by society, they may not be acting ethically.

the standards of “goodness” are not those calculated to make the world a happier place

35
Q

“Nicomachean Ethics,”

Aristotle

A

what is best and most pleasurable for all, is a life according to reason

36
Q

“On the Rez,”

Ian Frazier

A

Indian Reservation. Su Ann Big Crow Basketball

shows the life of the great modern indian tribes and how they shaped life in usa.

37
Q

“letters from a birmingham jail”

MLK Jr.

A

MLK Jr. describes his battle with injustice through peaceful protests in Alabama. and addresses criticism from clergymen.

protests are necessary

Moderate whites are the worst

dissapointment

38
Q

Principles of Justice

A

Equal Liberty Principle- Equality is the best we can do

Difference Principle- under the veil of ignorance, any inequalities that arise we will bring the least well off person as far up as we can.

39
Q

Veil Of Ignorance

A

Rawls’ theoretical assumption that makes everyone not know who they are, so as to analyze theories of people’s judgement

40
Q

rawls

A

a fair set of principles would be for people to choose outcomes before they knew how the outcomes would effect them

Ethics From a Global Perspective (3 decks)

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