Final Flashcards
Thymus
thymosin, thymopoietin
T lymphocyte division and maturation
Heart
Atrial Natriuretic peptide
inhibits sodium reabsorption in kidney tubules
Kidneys
Erythropoietin
Red blood cells production in bone marrow
Stomach
gastrin
stimulates acid production in stomach, intestinal motility
Small intestine
secretin, choleysystokinin, glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
regulate gastrointestinal motility & secretion, liver & pancreas exocrine secretion
Liver
insulin-like growth factors
promote tissue growth
Skin Liver kidney
1,25 - dihydroxy vitamin D
Promotes calcium absorption by the intestine
Hypothalamus hormones
releasing and inhibiting hormones TRH CRG GnRH GHRH somatostatin, PrRP dopamine
targets: anterior pituitary
function: control and release of anterior pituitary hormones
posterior pituitary hormones
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH)
oxytocin
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
targets kidney tubules and increases H2O reabsorption and arterioles producing vasoconstriction
Oxytocin
uterus: increases contractility mammary glands (breasts) causes milk ejection
anterior pituitary hormones
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone GH growth hormone FSH follicle stimulating hormone LH luteinizing hormone PRL prolactin Melatonin Tetraiodothyronine tri iodothyronine T3 & T4
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
targets thyroid follicular cells stimulates T3 and T4 secretion
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
target: zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
stimulates cortical secretion
GH growth hormone
targets bone and soft tissues
is essential but not solely responsible for growth and exerts metabolic effects, indirectly stimulates growth of bones and soft tissue, directly stimulates protein synthesis, mobilizes fat, and conserves glucose by means of IGF-I
Also targets liver to stimulate IGF-I secretion
FSH follicle stimulating hormone
females: ovarian follicles to promote follicular growth and development, stimulates estrogen secretion
males: seminiferous tubules in testes stimulates sperm production
Luteinizing hormone LH
females: ovarian follicle and copus luteum stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum development, and estrogen and progesterone secretion
Males: interstitial cells of Leydig in testes stimulates testosterone secretion
Prolactin PRL
females: mammary glands promotes breast development stimulates milk secretion
males: uncertain
Melatonin
targets brain anterior pituitary, reproductive organs and possibly others
entrains body’s biological rhythm with external cues, inhibits gonadotropins, reduction most likely initiates puberty, acts as an antioxidant
T3 & T4
targets most cells
increases metabolic rate, is essential for normal growth and nerve development
Calcitonin
targets: bone, decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration
Aldosterone mineralcorticoid
targets kidney tubules increases NA+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
pineal gland
melatonin
Thyroid gland follicular cells and c cells
follicular = T3 & T4
C cells = calcitonin
Adrenal cortex
aldosterone (zona glomerulosa)
cortisol (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis) androgens
cortisol
targets most cells
increases blood glucose at the expense of protein and fat stores, contributes to stress adaptation
androgens
females: targets hair follicles and brain
promotes axillary and pubic hair growth and sex drive
epinephrine and norepinephrine
target: sympathetic receptor sites throughout the body
reinforce sympathetic nervous system, contribute to stress adaptation and blood pressure regulation
insulin ( beta cells)
targets most cells promotes cellular uptake use and storage of absorbed nutrients
glucagon (alpha cells)
targets most cells, is important for maintaining nutrient levels in blood during the post-absorptive state
somatostatin (D cells)
targets digestive system inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients
PTH parathyroid hormone
bone, kidneys and intestine
increases plasma Ca2+ and decreases plasma PO43- concentrations, stimulates vitamin D activation
estrogen (estradiol)
female sex organs and body as a whole
promotes follicular development governs development of female secondary sexual characteristics, stimulates uterine and breast growth
also targets bone to enhance pubertal growth spurt, promotes closure of epiphyseal plate
Progesterone
targets uterus prepares for pregnancy
testosterone
male sex organs and body as a whole to stimulate sperm production, governs development of male secondary sexual characteristics, promtoes sex drive
targets bone to enhance pubertal growth spurt, promotes closure of epiphyseal plate
inhibin
targets anterior pituitary inhibits secretion of FSH
estrogen (estriol) and progesterone
targets female sex organs helps maintain pregnancy prepare breasts for lactation
hCH human chorionic gonadotropin
targets ovarian corpus luteum maintains corpus luteum of pregnancy
renin (by activating angiotensin)
targets zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex (acted on by angiotensin which is activated by renin)
stimulates aldosterone secretion, angiotensin II is also potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates thirst
erythropoietin
targets: bone marrow
stimulates erythrocyte production
Ghrelin
targets hypothalamus
signals hunger, stimulates appetite
Gastrin and CCK secretin and choleystokinin
digestive tract, exocrine glands, smooth muscles, pancreas, liver gallbladder
control motility and secretion to facilitate digestive and absorptive processes
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide GIP
targets: endocrine pancreas
stimulates insulin secretion
Peptide YY
targets hypothalamus signals satiety suppresses appetite
insulin like growth factor IGF-I
bone and soft tissue
promotes growth
thrombopoietin
stimulates platelet production
Hepcidin
targets intestine
inhibits iron absorption into blood
Vitamin D
targets intestine
increases absorption of ingested Ca2+ and PO43-
Thymosin
targets T-lymphocytes, enhances T lymphocyte proliferation and function
Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides ANP BNP
targets kidney tubules
inhibit NA+ reabsorption
Leptin
targets hypothalamus
suppresses appetite, is important in long term control of body weight
other adipokines
multiple sites, play a role in metabolism and inflammation
adrenal medulla hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
beta cells (insulin) alpha cells ( glucagon) and D cells (somatostatin)
Parathyroid gland hormones
PTH parathyroid hormone
female gonads (ovaries hormones)
estrogen, progesterone
Male gonads testes hormones
testosterone
testes and ovaries hormone
inhibin
placenta hormones
estrogen (estriol) and progesterone hCG human chorionic gonadotropin
kidney hormones
renin
erythropoietin
stomach hormones
ghrelin, gastrin
small intestine hormones
CCK cholecystokinin and secretin
GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, peptide YY
Liver hormones
insulin like growth factor IGF-I
thrombopoietin
hepcidin
skin
vitamin D
Thymus
Thymosin
Heart
atrial and brain natriuretic peptides ANP BNP
adipose tissue
leptin, other adipokines
