Exam 1 Chapter 5

Question 1

Major functions of the cerebral cortex

Answer 1

Sensory perception
Voluntary control of movement
language
personality traits
sophisticated mental events such as thinking memory, decision making, creativity, and self- consciousness

Question 2

basal nuclei

Answer 2

inhibition of muscle tone
coordination of slow sustained movements
suppression of useless patterns of movement

Question 3

Thalamus

Answer 3

Relay station for all synaptic input
crude awareness of sensation
some degree of consciousness role in motor control

Question 4

hypothalamus

Answer 4

regulation of many of homeostatic functions such as temperature control, thirst, urine input, and food intake
important link between nervous and endocrine systems
extensive involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patterns

Question 5

cerebellum

Answer 5

maintenance of balance
enhancement of muscle tone
coordination of planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity

Question 6

Brain stem

Answer 6

origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves
cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive control centers- survival
regulation of muscle reflexes involved with equilibrium and posture
reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord, arousal and activation of cerebral cortex
role in sleep-wake cycle

Question 7

occipital lobes

Answer 7

initial processing - visual input

Question 8

temporal lobes

Answer 8

initial reception - auditory input

Question 9

frontal lobes

Answer 9

voluntary motor activity, speaking ability, elaboration of thought, this is where the hemunculus picture is, it is the location of the primary motor cortex

Question 10

parietal lobe

Answer 10

somatosensory processing
- receives somesthetic input (touch pressure, heat cold pain etc.)
- proprioceptive input (body position)
perceives location and intensity of stimulus

Question 11

gamma waves

Answer 11

highest frequency with lowest amplitude. Peak concentration: highest levels of cognition, processing from several areas of the brain simultaneously

Question 12

beta waves

Answer 12

high frequency lower amplitude, awake focused alert

Question 13

alpha waves

Answer 13

lower frequency greater amplitude, awake, relaxed, calm, little processing information

Question 14

theta waves

Answer 14

even slower frequency, even greater amplitude extremely relaxed drowsy light sleep

Question 15

delta waves

Answer 15

slowest frequency with greatest amplitude, deep dreamless sleep

Question 16

dorsal horn

Answer 16

cell bodies of interneurons on which afferent neurons terminate

Question 17

lateral horn -

Answer 17

cell bodies of autonomic efferent nerve fibers

Question 18

ventral horn

Answer 18

cell bodies of somatic efferent neurons

Question 19

limbic system

Answer 19

controls emotional behavior and motivation and learning and memory

Hippocampus specifically helps with this

In cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 20

acute hydrocephalus

Answer 20

develops a few hours after head injuries

Question 21

hydrocephalus

Answer 21

characterized by excess fluid in the cranial vault, subarachnoid space or both
Pathophysiology

Produces dilation of the ventricles proximal to the obstruction

KNOW: Pressure causes atrophy of cerebral cortex and degeneration of white matter tracts

Selective preservation of gray matter

Question 22

normal-pressure hydrocephalus

Answer 22

CSF volume increases but pressure may or may not increase

Question 23

noncommunicating normal-pressure hydrocephalus

Answer 23

obstruction of CSF flow between ventricles caused by congenital abnormality, aqueduct stenosis, or compression by a tumor

Question 24

communicated normal-pressure hydrocephalus

Answer 24

impaired absorption of CSF caused by infection w/ adhesions, high venous pressure in sagittal sinus, or congenital malformation

Question 25

How is BBB formed?

Answer 25

Formed by pericytes which are contractile cells that wind around capillary endothelial cells throughout body and through astrocytes that lie outside of the pericytes tell cells in the brain to tighten and promote carrier channels and help some substances cross (such as potassium)

Question 26

______ walls blood brain barrier is _______ preventing, ______ cell walls it is _______ restricting

Answer 26

Between walls blood brain barrier is anatomically preventing, through cell walls it is physiologically restricting