Exam 1 Chapter 5 Flashcards
Major functions of the cerebral cortex
Sensory perception Voluntary control of movement language personality traits sophisticated mental events such as thinking memory, decision making, creativity, and self- consciousness
basal nuclei
inhibition of muscle tone
coordination of slow sustained movements
suppression of useless patterns of movement
Thalamus
Relay station for all synaptic input
crude awareness of sensation
some degree of consciousness role in motor control
hypothalamus
regulation of many of homeostatic functions such as temperature control, thirst, urine input, and food intake
important link between nervous and endocrine systems
extensive involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patterns
cerebellum
maintenance of balance
enhancement of muscle tone
coordination of planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity
Brain stem
origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves
cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive control centers- survival
regulation of muscle reflexes involved with equilibrium and posture
reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord, arousal and activation of cerebral cortex
role in sleep-wake cycle
occipital lobes
initial processing - visual input
temporal lobes
initial reception - auditory input
frontal lobes
voluntary motor activity, speaking ability, elaboration of thought, this is where the hemunculus picture is, it is the location of the primary motor cortex
parietal lobe
somatosensory processing
- receives somesthetic input (touch pressure, heat cold pain etc.)
- proprioceptive input (body position)
perceives location and intensity of stimulus
gamma waves
highest frequency with lowest amplitude. Peak concentration: highest levels of cognition, processing from several areas of the brain simultaneously
beta waves
high frequency lower amplitude, awake focused alert
alpha waves
lower frequency greater amplitude, awake, relaxed, calm, little processing information
theta waves
even slower frequency, even greater amplitude extremely relaxed drowsy light sleep
delta waves
slowest frequency with greatest amplitude, deep dreamless sleep
dorsal horn
cell bodies of interneurons on which afferent neurons terminate
lateral horn -
cell bodies of autonomic efferent nerve fibers
ventral horn
cell bodies of somatic efferent neurons
limbic system
controls emotional behavior and motivation and learning and memory
Hippocampus specifically helps with this
In cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus
acute hydrocephalus
develops a few hours after head injuries
hydrocephalus
characterized by excess fluid in the cranial vault, subarachnoid space or both
Pathophysiology
Produces dilation of the ventricles proximal to the obstruction
KNOW: Pressure causes atrophy of cerebral cortex and degeneration of white matter tracts
Selective preservation of gray matter
normal-pressure hydrocephalus
CSF volume increases but pressure may or may not increase
noncommunicating normal-pressure hydrocephalus
obstruction of CSF flow between ventricles caused by congenital abnormality, aqueduct stenosis, or compression by a tumor
communicated normal-pressure hydrocephalus
impaired absorption of CSF caused by infection w/ adhesions, high venous pressure in sagittal sinus, or congenital malformation
How is BBB formed?
Formed by pericytes which are contractile cells that wind around capillary endothelial cells throughout body and through astrocytes that lie outside of the pericytes tell cells in the brain to tighten and promote carrier channels and help some substances cross (such as potassium)
______ walls blood brain barrier is _______ preventing, ______ cell walls it is _______ restricting
Between walls blood brain barrier is anatomically preventing, through cell walls it is physiologically restricting
