Exam 1 Flashcards
Hierarchal order in the body
protons neutrons & electrons atoms biomolecules organelles cells tissue organs organ system organisms
definition of a cell
the smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life; the basic unit of both structure and function in a living organism
how many cells are found in the human body? how many different types?
100 trillion total
200 different types
largest and smallest cells in human body
largest = nerve or skeletal muscle cell smallest = sperm cell
Basic cell functions how many? and list them
7
) Obtain oxygen and nutrients.
2) Perform energy-generating reactions. (Metabolism)
(Nutrients + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy)
3) Eliminate waste products.
4) Synthesize components needed for cell functions, structure maintenance, and cell growth. Synthesis occurs through metabolism as well
5) Control movement of materials between the cell and its environment.
6) Movement of material within the cell.
7) Sense and respond to signals indicating a change in the surrounding environment.
8) Cell division. (Reproduction) Cell division – not carried out by all cells all the time (reproduction primarily
definition of tissues
combined groups of cells of similar structure and specialized function
four primary tissue types in the body
connective tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, nerve tissue
muscle tissue
cells contract generate force allows for movement
nerve tissue
cells send electrical impulses (action potentials) relay information
epithelial tissue
Cells exchange material (between body and environment). Ex: Skin, lining of digestive tract, sweat glands also provide protective mechanism
connective tissue
Cells connect, support and anchor various body parts. Ex: tendons, bone, and blood cells.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
White blood cells fight infection.
definition of an organ
a structure composed of tissues and cells that performs a specific function or functions
definition of a body system
a collection of organs, tissues, and cells that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity essential for the survival of the human body
endocrine system organs / tissues
hypothalamus, pituitary gland adrenal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas
endocrine system functions
provide communication between cells of the body through the release of hormones into the blood stream
nervous system organs / tissures
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
nervous system functions
provide communication between cells of the body through electrical signals and the release of neurotransmitters into small gaps between certain cells
musculoskeletal system organs / tissues
skeletal muscle, bones, tendons, ligaments
musculoskeletal system functions
support the body, allow voluntary movement of body, allow facial expressions
cardiovascular organs / tissues
heart, blood vessels, blood
cardiovascular sytem functions
transport molecules throughout the body in the bloodstream
respiratory organs / tissues
lungs, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
factors influencing the rate of net diffusion of a substance across a membrane
increased concentration of gradient of substance = increased effect on rate of net diffusion
increased surface area of membrane = increased effect on rate of net diffusion
increased lipid solubility = increased effect on rate of net diffusion
increased molecular weight of substance = decreased effect on rate of net diffusion
increased distance (thickness) = decreased effect on rate of net diffusion
urinary system organs / tissues
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
urinary system functions
filter the blood to regulate acidity, blood volume, and ion concentrations, eliminates waste
gastrointestinal organs / tissues
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
gastrointestinal system functions
break down food and absorb it into the body
immune system organs / tissues
white blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids
immune system functions
defend the body against pathogens and abnormal cells
integumentary system organs / functions
skin
protects the body from the external environment
homeostatically regulated factors
- Concentration of nutrients: Required to maintain needed energy
- Concentration of O2 and CO2: Required to produce adequate energy; must be eliminated to maintain pH
- Concentration of waste products: Accumulation could result in toxicity
- pH: Large fluctuations could result in cell death
- Concentrations of water, salt, other electrolytes: Required to maintain cell volume & normal cell function
- Plasma Volume and Pressure: Ensures body-wide distribution of nutrients; Ensures removal of waste products
- Temperature: Required to maintain protein integrity and function
passive transport definition
Net movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (in other words, movement down a concentration gradient/chemical gradient) across a membrane.
No outside energy is required.
Given enough time and absence of impediment to flow, a dynamic equilibrium will be reached
factors influencing the rate of net diffusion of a substance across a membrane
increased concentration of gradient of substance = increased effect on rate of net diffusion
increased surface area of membrane = increased effect on rate of net diffusion
increased lipid solubility = increased effect on rate of net diffusion
increased molecular weight of substance = decreased effect on rate of net diffusion
increased distance (thickness) = decreased effect on rate of net diffusion
definition of osmosis
The movement (diffusion) of water through a semi permeable membrane down its concentration gradient/chemical gradient (from higher concentration to lower concentration) toward a higher concentration of solute.
solute
A dissolved substance in solution
solvent
A liquid that holds another substance in solution
In osmosis water is the _______; everything else is _____!
solvent, solute
When hydrostatic pressure _____osmotic pressure net movement of water ceases.
equals
hypo-osmotic solution
Hypo-osmotic Solution: Has a total concentration of solutes less than that in the cell
facilitated diffusion definition
Substance combines with a membrane carrier protein on one side of the membrane, is transported through the membrane, then is released on the other side.
A Type of Passive “Assisted” Transport
iso-osmotic solution
Has a total concentration of solutes equal to that in the cell
proteasome structure and function
Cylindrical protein complexes consisting of a hollow core particle capped on both ends by a regulatory particle
Degrade unwanted intracellular proteins that have been tagged for destruction by ubiquitin
tonicity definition
A measure of the effect a solution has on cell volume when the solution surrounds the cell. A function of the behavior of a cell placed in a solution.
membrane channel transport definition
Substance moves from one side of membrane to the other through a membrane channel (a pore or passage) which may always be open or which may be gated
Another Type of Passive Assisted Diffusion
If cell volume increases when placed in a solution, the solution is
hypotonic
If cell volume decreases when placed in a solution, the solution is
hypertonic
in primary active transport what is required by the transporter?
ATP
hypertonic solution
: A cell will shrink when placed in a
hypertonic solution
examples of secondary active transport
e. g. Transport of amino acids and glucose from the lumen of the intestine into the blood.
e. g. Transport of amino acids and glucose from the kidney tubules back to the blood.
facilitated diffusion definition
Substance combines with a membrane carrier protein on one side of the membrane, is transported through the membrane, then is released on the other side.
A Type of Passive “Assisted” Transport
facilitated diffusion characteristics
Concentration gradient = net diffusion Carrier molecule required Exhibits saturation kinetics Has specificity Displays competitive inhibition
specificity facilitated diffusion characteristic
The transporter will only transport molecules of a certain shape across the membrane (i.e. glucose but not amino acids)
competitive inhibition
Similar molecules compete for the same carrier
2-Deoxyglucose (2DG) is transported similarly to glucose. Less glucose is transported when 2DG is in the solution.
how is the heart rate regulated?
Working muscles use oxygen, make carbon dioxide, make lactic acid, etc.
Sensors in the body detect changes and inform the integration center in the brain which, in turn, regulates neuronal activity.
saturation kinetics definition
Transporters are transporting at maximum rate all transporters being used and moving glucose as fast as they can from an area of high to low concentration.
primary active transport examples
Sodium-Potassium ATPase Pump transports sodium out of and potassium into the cell.
Calcium ATPase Pump transports calcium out of cell or into endoplasmic reticulum
in primary active transport what is required by the transporter?
ATP
Secondary Active transport
ATP is required to generate a concentration/chemical gradient. The secondary active transporter is driven by “energy” derived from the created gradient.
examples of secondary active transport
e. g. Transport of amino acids and glucose from the lumen of the intestine into the blood.
e. g. Transport of amino acids and glucose from the kidney tubules back to the blood.
Average heart beats
70/min
100,800/day
36.8 million/yr
volume of blood pumped
7,200 L/day
2.6 million liters/year
195 million liters in 75 years
Acetylcholine ___ heart rate
decreases
Norepinephrine _____ heart rate and strength of contraction
increases
how is the heart rate regulated?
Working muscles use oxygen, make carbon dioxide, make lactic acid, etc.
Sensors in the body detect changes and inform the integration center in the brain which, in turn, regulates neuronal activity.
saturation kinetics definition
Transporters are transporting at maximum rate all transporters being used and moving glucose as fast as they can from an area of high to low concentration.
channel proteins are ___
always open
gated channel proteins
can be open or closed
Phosphorylation induces
Phosphorylation induces protein conformation change
Conformation change alters binding affinity
membrane potential
A separation of charges across the membrane; a slight excess of negative charges lined up along the inside of the plasma membrane and separated from a slight excess of positive charges on the outside
collagen definition
forms flexible but nonelastic fibers or sheets that provide tensile strength (resistance to being stretched lengthwise). Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body, making up nearly half of total body protein by weight.