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US History P6 > Final Exam (Test June 16) > Flashcards

Final Exam (Test June 16) Flashcards

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1
Q

Union

A

unified nation; key difference between north and south = slavery (1861)

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2
Q

Pre-war North

A

2x the population of the south; urbanized, industrialized, and heavily impacted by technology– shipping made more efficient by railroads (70% of US tracks were in the North). Telegraph lines running along rail lines more common in North, leading to an advantage in communication

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3
Q

Pre-war South

A

characterized by waterways, slaves, and cotton

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4
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A

fictional novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe (daughter of Lyman Stowe) that made a powerful statement about slavery in pre-CW South. Eliza Harris = slave escaping Kentucky w/ baby via Underground Railroad; Uncle Tom = Christlike figure who was “sold down the river” and beaten to death; Simon Legree = Tom’s cruel, unmarried, anti-Christian drunkard master. Contained scenes where Northern women influenced husbands to help slaves. Northerners felt slavery would ruin USA, but Southerners felt that book was a pack of insulting lies: plantations = “big happy families” irl, and South cared more for slaves’ wellbeing than Northern factories cared about workers

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5
Q

Cannibals All!

A

George Fitzhugh (187) attacks Northern industrialism; Southerners claim that the founding fathers were slavers

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6
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

coined by NY journalist John L. O’Sullivan, meaning obvious/undeniable fate to spread and possess the entire continent. Western migration surged in the 1830s and 1840s. Greatest motivator = greed (desire to control entire continent, Atlantic to Pacific), which led to wars. John Gast’s painting “American Progress” depicts westward expansion

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7
Q

Annexation of Texas

A

1836, Texas wins independence from Mexico + votes to join USA; Southerners/Democrats approve bc it’d mean more slave states; Northerners/Whigs oppose due to fear of increasing Southern power. Many fear war with Mexico. John Taylor attempts to annex Texas in 1844, but Senate defeats treaty.

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8
Q

Mexican War

A

General Zachary Taylor leads 3000 men to patrol border on Polk’s orders; skirmish w/ Mexicans kills some US soldiers. Bc of this, Congress declares war on Santa Anna (Mexican leader) over Southern TX border; Rio Grande gives more land to America, Nueces River gives more land to Mexico.

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9
Q

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A

Mexico and US peace treaty; Rio Grande becomes border, Mexico gives up New Mexico and California for $15 million, US pays $3 million for damages to US citizens’ property during warfare (farms, homes, towns, etc.)

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10
Q

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

A

bill to provide funds for negotiating slavery w/ Mexico; PA Democrat David Wilmot proposes banning slavery in New Mexico & California (but is not passed). Northerners attach this bill to other territory-related bills; reveals conflict between North and South

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11
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

introduced by Senator Henry Clay, passed under President Millard Fillmore. Only really settled the CA issue.

  1. California is a free state
  2. New Mexico and Utah decide policy on slavery on their own (popular sovereignty)
  3. Slave sale is illegal in D.C.
  4. Texas gives up claims to New Mexico for $10 million
  5. Fugitive Slave Act: all citizens must return ‘property’ to masters without trial by jury for the enslaved
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12
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

A

proposed by Stephen Douglas (Illinois senator who wanted Chicago to benefit from Western Development; Missouri Compromise makes both Kansas & Nebraska free). Supported popular sovereignty; South approved but North dgaf; caused Northern outrage in Republican party. Proslavery & antislavery groups flock to Kansas/Nebraska region, leading to violence and murder. Proslavery settlers in Missouri try to cross border and vote illegally in territorial elections; Emigrant Aid Societies in North sends 1200 New Englanders to settle Kansas

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13
Q

Popular sovereignty

A

Allows state governments to decide stances on their own without federal interference

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14
Q

Republican Party

A

dedicated to stopping Slave Power; demanded repeal of Kansas-Nebraska & Fugitive Slave Acts. Presidential candidate = Lincoln.

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15
Q

Free Soilers

A

worked to end slavery in Kansas and Nebraska territories

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16
Q

Abolitionists

A

wanted to eradicate practice of slavery

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17
Q

John Brown

A

went to pro-slavery settlement near Pottawatomie Creek with several other New Englanders; massacred 5 men in front of their families (part of Bleeding Kansas) night of May 24th. Also led raid on Harper’s Ferry (tried to arm slaves, incite uprising, and start free settlement in Appalachian Mountains)

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18
Q

Bleeding Kansas

A

summer of murderous raids; 2 capitals: Topeka (antislavery) and Lecompton (proslavery); group of proslavery southerners loot Free Soil newspaper offices and homes in Lawrence

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19
Q

Caning of Charles Sumner

A

MA senator who delivers antislavery speech “The Crime Against Kansas”, which insults Senator Andrew Butler of SC. Butler’s nephew Preston Brooks, supported by south, beats Sumner w/ cane

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20
Q

Dred Scott (March 1857)

A

Slave of US doctor who sues for freedom (lived in free state while enslaved) in Dred Scott v. Sanford Supreme Court Case. 7:2 vote against Scott, supported by Buchanan; implied that there was NO slavery ban anywhere, which undid decades’ worth of abolitionist legislation and implied that slaves were little more than tools. Caused northern outrage.

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21
Q

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A

Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas for Illinois senate position; painted Douglas as pro-slave and Lincoln as a raving abolitionist. 7 debates total; Lincoln becomes very popular through these debates. Douglas becomes Senator.

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22
Q

Election of 1860

A

N. Democrats: Stephen Douglas (pop sovereignty)
S. Democrats: John Breckinridge (expand slavery)
Constitutional Union: John Bell (moderate slave holder)
Republicans: Abraham Lincoln (moderate abolitionist); wins w/ 180 electoral votes (152 needed to win)

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23
Q

Confederacy

A

SC secedes from Union, followed by Florida, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas; form Confederate States and elect Jefferson Davis as President. Northerners concerned by loss of business + felt that states can’t come and go as they please; Lincoln felt it was wrong to secede and wanted to end expansion of slavery

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24
Q

Fort Sumter

A

Union troops still occupying fort in Charleston Harbor (Confederate Territory); union supply shit is fired upon. Davis sends PGT Beauregard to demand surrender; Union refuses to surrender until after 34 hrs bombardment– Confederate States now in “open rebellion”. Lasts 2 days, with surprisingly few deaths; honorable surrender on Union’s part, with Confederates allowing gun salute.

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25
Q

Battle of Bull Run

A

Irvin McDowell (Union commander) marches troops into VA, aiming to take Manassas (major railroad junction between Southwest and Washington DC), expecting easy victory. Confederates led by PGT Beauregard camp along Bull Run (stream 4 mi north of Manassas) as Union Army takes 4 days to reach Manassas, giving Conf. Army time to take in 11,000 more people. Union won at first, but General Thomas Jackson (“Stonewall Jackson”) followed by Virginians arrived by train; Union retreated North to DC. 35,000 soldiers per side, w/ 2900 Union casualties and less than 2000 Confederate casualties

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26
Q

Anaconda Plan

A

Naval blockade to cut off trade; cut South in 2 by Mississippi & take Richmond

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27
Q

Battle of Shiloh (April 6, 1862)

A

Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee: Albert Sidney Johnston (Confederate) vs. Ulysses S. Grant (Union); attacked to prevent Union force from growing larger. Union forces were driven back to the Tennessee River, but reinforcements, leading to the bloodiest battle on the North American continent. It stripped glory from war, with 13,000 Union casualties and 11,000 Confederate casualties

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28
Q

Union Strategies

A

Naval blockade preventing South from exporting cotton/importing necessary goods, led by Winfield Scot (Commander of all Union troops)
Anaconda Plan: Cut Confederacy in two along Mississippi w/ gunboats, and seize Richmond (Confederate capitol). McClellan takes East, Grant takes West.

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29
Q

Confederate Strategies

A

Hope that North will eventually lose the will to fight; Davis aims for war of attrition (defensive war), inflicting continual losses on Union to wear down strength. Confederate leaders stop exporting cotton to France and Britain in hopes of gaining their aid, but European nations just turn to India and Egypt for cotton and South loses money

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30
Q

General George McClellan

A

ordered by Lincoln to build + command new army and go on Peninsular Campaign; came up with great plans but never really followed through– kept asking Lincoln to send more reinforcements

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31
Q

Ulysses S. Grant

A

led successful Union campaign in West; commanded Union forces in Kentucky. Fairly ruthless; held Vicksburg under siege for a solid month

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32
Q

Robert E. Lee

A

Confederate general who succeeded many times against Union, but failed twice in invading Union territory. Lost the Battle of Gettysburg. Eventually surrendered to Union at Appomattox Courthouse.

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33
Q

Battle of Antietam

A

Bloodiest day of Civil War; Lee invades North to raise European support for South + to turn Northern public opinion against war. McClellan delays troops for 16 hours before pursuing Lee, which gave him time to prepare; fight at Antietam Creek (Sharpsbury, Maryland). Lee: 40,000 troops, McClellan: 75,000 + 25,000 troops. Union lost 12,000 men within 3 hours; Confederates lost 14,000 by end of battle

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34
Q

Battle of Antietam

A

Bloodiest day of Civil War; Lee invades North to raise European support for South + to turn Northern public opinion against war. McClellan delays troops for 16 hours before pursuing Lee, which gave him time to prepare; fight at Antietam Creek (Sharpsbury, Maryland). Lee: 40,000 troops, McClellan: 75,000 + 25,000 troops. Union lost 12,000 men within 3 hours; Confederates lost 14,000 by end of battle

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35
Q

Battle of Gettysburg

A

4-day battle ending in Union victory.
July 1: new Union commander General George Meade vs. Robert E. Lee & James Longstreet; Confederates overwhelm Union and push them back onto hills south of town. 4-mile lines of each army on the hills. Union = Cemetery Ridge, Confederate = Seminary Ridge.

July 2: Longstreet not ready to attack Southern end of Union troops until 4pm; Meade reinforces Union army. Heavy fighting in Devil’s Den area (peach orchard, wheat field, borders); 350 Maine soldiers led by Colonel Joshua Chamberlain protect Little Round Top (Union position) from Alabama soldiers’ assault by charging Confederates w/ bayonets (ran out of ammo); successfully drove off Confederates.

July 3: Confederates open w/ cannon fire on N. end of Union line; Union stops firing after 2 hours, which tricks Confederates into thinking they destroyed Union’s guns. Longstreet orders direct attack on Union lines (Pickett’s charge); 15,000 soldiers 1 mile long and 3 rows deep charge Cemetery Hill, but are decimated by Union cannon fire (barely 1/2 of them return)

July 4: with 1/3 of his army lost, Lee retreats to VA.

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36
Q

Gettysburg Address

A

November 19, 1863: 15,000 people gather at Gettysburg to dedicate cemetery to honoring Union soldiers who died there, ft. Edward Everett (famous speaker from MA) who gave a 2 hr speech. Lincoln gave 2-min speech to remind listeners of North’s reason for fighting; expressed grief + reasons for renewed efforts to preserve Union

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37
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

all slaves in rebellious states are freed, though border states allied w/ union are unaffected; weakened South (lack of labor, and freed slaves often joined up w/ Union army)

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38
Q

Appomattox Court House

A

Lee tries to meet up w/ Johnston and slip around Union army in VA, but is continuously blocked by Grant; arrives at Appomattox Court House (small VA town) and surrenders to Grant; Johnston surrenders to Sherman a few weeks later in NC. Confederate soldiers given generous conditions of surrender: allowed to keep horses and weapons, and allowed to return home.

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39
Q

Stonewall Jackson

A

died after battle of Chancellorsville because one of his own men mistook him for an enemy; shot + died of infection

40
Q

Reconstruction Successes and Failure

A

Successes:

41
Q

Congress During Civil War

A

mostly Northern/Republican, since Democrats all went south, allowing Congress to whatever tf they wanted since all their opposition was gone

42
Q

Ten Percent Plan

A

Lincoln’s reconstruction plan, w/ tone of forgiveness; vetoed by radical republicans;

  1. Pardon: official forgiveness of crime to any that would take an oath to Union and accept 13th amendment
  2. Exceptions: Confederate military generals, Southerners who killed African POWs, etc– depends on level of affiliation w/ Confederates
  3. State Conventions: each state creates new Constitution after 10% of the voter population swear allegiance to Union
  4. State Elections: states can now hold elections for officials and participate in Union government again

does not require voting rights for Africans and does not readmit states to Union, since secession is unconstitutional in the first place

43
Q

Presidential Reconstruction

A

Andrew Johnson’s plan (even more generous than Lincoln’s)

  1. Pardon south if they allegiance to the Union
  2. States can hold state conventions
  3. States’ requirements: void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate Confederate debt
  4. States elections: join Union
44
Q

Johnson’s Impeachment

A

Johnson tries to fire Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln, which goes against Tenure of Office Act of 1867 (needed Congressional approval before filling/firing offices, but did not); charged w/ wrongdoing in office; tried for “high crimes and misdemeanors.” Was the first impeachment in American history; 126 to 47 vote. He went back to being Tennessee Senator as a Democrat afterwards.

45
Q

Reconstruction Act of 1867

A

“Radical Reconstruction”

  1. Military Rule: divide South into 5 districts, each governed by Northern general
  2. State Elections: create new Constitutions
  3. State Laws: ALL qualified males (including blacks) can vote in elections
  4. Confederate supports are banned entirely from voting
  5. Equal rights for all citizens
  6. States must ratify 14th amendment (equal protections under the law to all citizens)

military registers freedmen; 735,000 freedmen join voting rolls. 1/4 of 1000 delegates at 10 state conventions were Africans. Louisiana’s and South Carolina’s delegates chose African majority of delegate leaders

46
Q

Black Codes

A

Southern laws restricting freedmen’s rights (Southern society dominated by white people); basically slave codes w/ new name.
Curfews: no gathering after sunset
Vagrancy Laws: fined, whipped, or sold into indentured servitude for a year’s labor if unemployed
Labor Contracts: signed agreements each January for a year’s work; lost wages if quit before year’s end
Land Restrictions: could only rent/own land in rural areas; forced to live on plantations

47
Q

13th Amendment

A

made slavery illegal

48
Q

14th Amendment

A

Congress was upset at black codes; felt Johnson helped Southern Democrats return to power; passed 14th to guarantee Africans equal protection under the law

49
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau

A

Created by congress to help black Southerners adjust to freedom; first major federal relief agency in history; gave out clothing, medical supplies, and meals to poor. 250,000+ Africans received their first formal education in Freedmen’s Bureau schools. Was undersupplied + mismanaged, and dismantled in 1869.

50
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A

white supremacy terrorist organization that began in Tennessee w/ ex-Confederates; threatened/harassed/killed black Americans + minorities to “keep them in their place” (beneath white men); only white goyim men could join

51
Q

Radical Republicans

A

small but influential group; hated Johnson’s plan, opposed black codes, wanted to expand Republican party’s presence in the South.

52
Q

Push/Pull Factors

A

events or conditions that either force (push) people to move elsewhere or strongly attract (pull) them to do so
Push: land, new location for business, ethnic/religious repression, shelter for outlaws
Pull: gov’t gave away public land/sold cheaply to help encourage migration to West

53
Q

Great Plains

A

“Indian Problem”– life-or-death battle for Natives against settlers. Vast grasslands between Mississippi River & Rocky Mountains. Newcomers brought war in west; wanted to own land instead of sharing.

54
Q

Native Life

A

Lived as farmers, hunters, and gatherers (nomadic life); buffalo were essential to survival as food source + hide/materials. Horses changed ways– led to warfare + decline in village life (raided each other)

55
Q

Reservations

A

federal land set aside for Natives (poor conditions); unfair treatment/treaties– bribery, misunderstandings, etc.

56
Q

Assimilation

A

Adoption of white ways. In 1887, federal law dismantled Natives’ concept of shared land in favor of private property; 2/3 of Native land ended up in white squatters’ hands; Congress bought out Native claims to region.

57
Q

Red Cloud

A

Sioux chief who spoke at Cooper Union about injustices against native people by settlers; led two-year war when US tried to build Bozeman Trail through Sioux hunting grounds in Bighorn Mountains

58
Q

The Sioux

A

Occupied North Plains (Dakota, Wyoming, Montana) and resisted Western expansion. Fought agains US when they tried to build Bozeman Trail railroad through Sioux hunting grounds in Bighorn Mountains in 1864, which lasted 2 years and ended with the Fort Laramie treaty. The US abandoned the trail.

59
Q

Custer’s Last Stand

A

Battle of Little Bighorn– US wanted to buy Sioux land in South Dakota reservation (Black Hills) bc of rumors of gold, which angered Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse (Sioux leaders). Against orders, Lt. Colonel George Custer led 200 US against 2000 Sioux in a frontal attack like a dumbass. He was slaughtered. This incited American rage, and newspapers romanticized Custer’s actions. There was a public outcry to hunt down and kill/relocate the Sioux. Crazy Horse was killed; Sitting Bull fled to Canada.

60
Q

Ghost Dance

A

Wovoka (prophet) promised return to traditional life if people practiced Ghost Dance (join hands + whirl in a circle). Teton Sioux, encouraged by Sitting Bull, practiced this. The US disliked the Ghost Dance, feeling that it would rile up the natives. They tried to arrest Sitting Bull (who ended up getting shot) and massacred his 200 followers at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890.

61
Q

Dawes Act

A

divided reservation land into individual plots per family; participants received 160 acres and US citizenship

62
Q

Cattle Ranching

A

Mexicans taught Americans how to do this in the early 1800s, as well as how to raise Texas Longhorn cattle. Cattle industry launched by soldiers’ cattle roaming after Civil War (ample beef supple), rising price ($3 per head rose to $40 a head), refrigerated railcars making shipping cheaper (cut transport cost in half), and removal of Natives leading to the extinction of buffalo due to buffalo-hunting becoming a huge sport (and a way of forcing Native assimilation w/ loss of a valuable resource)

63
Q

Turner Thesis (1893)

A

by historian Frederick Jackson Turner, claiming that the frontier plays a key role in forming American character

  • frontier life produces Americans who are socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent on individual self-improvement, and committed to democracy
  • theory only applies to white men
  • emphasis on effects of individual effort
64
Q

Populists

A

1891; made of farmers (“populist party”/”people’s party”
Wanted: more circulation of money, unlimited silver coining, progressive income tax, government ownership of communication/transport systems, and an 8-hour workday; faded with the rise of crop prices.

65
Q

William Jennings Bryan

A

Populist from Nebraska (Democrat) who ran against William McKinley (Republican from Ohio) in the Election of 1896; gave the Cross of Gold speech but lost. Failed to bridge the gap between rural and urban citizens.

66
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A

post-CW US became industrial powerhouse; technological advancements changed daily life

67
Q

Importance of Railroads

A

carried goods & passengers from coast to coast by 1870; were noisy, dirty, and uncomfortable. iron rails were eventually replaced by steel; tracks became standardized. Scheduling was problematic due to time differences, and the nation eventually adopted a national system of time zones by 1883. Railroads also revolutionized business and industry, due to faster transport for goods, lower production costs, creation of national markets, became a model for big business, and stimulated other industries (steel, beef, etc).

68
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

Made steelmaking more efficient; owned Carnegie Steel; believed that workers should have rights and fair wages but didn’t practice what he preached; made steel more accessible for the public; supported education/learning; donated $125 million to schools.

69
Q

John D. Rockefeller

A

Formed Standard Oil Company (1870); donated $500 million to establish charities & institutions that would benefit humanity. He helped found the University of Chicago, and created the Rockefeller Foundation, which gave aid to institutions working in public health, arts, and social research. He became rich from a grain/meat partnership during the Civil War. He practiced horizontal consolidation (bought out his competitors), and negotiations with railroads and other companies made his oil the cheapest and therefore the most popular.

70
Q

Robber Barons

A

name suggests that business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public

  • drain country of natural resources
  • persuaded public officials to bend laws their way
  • drove competitors to ruin
71
Q

Captains of Industry

A

served nation in a positive way

  • increased supply of goods
  • expanded markets
  • raised productivity & standard of living
  • built museums libraries, and universities
72
Q

Social Darwinism

A

theory of natural selection, but applied to society: society should not interfere with people’s pursuit of success. Idea resulted in the government not taxing business profits or interfering with private business. Often used to justify oppression of minorities (esp. during Holocaust)

73
Q

Sherman Antitrust Act

A

1890; outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce, but was largely ineffective for 15 years due to pro-business courts that rarely enforced the law

74
Q

Factory Work

A

piecework: those who worked fastest & produced the most made the most money; laborers worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, and were paid by production instead of by hour. Sweatshops were shops where employees worked under long hours for low wages in dangerous conditions. Division of labor made work efficient but incredibly repetitive and boring.

75
Q

Labor Unions

A

fought for workers’ rights in a variety of ways; were hated/feared by employers

76
Q

Knights of Labor

A

open to all: skilled/unskilled laborers, women, black Americans. national union established in Philadelphia (1869) that wanted an 8-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and and end to child labor (those under 15). Led by Terence Powderley.

77
Q

National Trades Union

A

1st union open to workers of all crafts, but only lasted a few years

78
Q

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A

prioritized skilled workers/trades; led by Samuel Gompers. Excluded black Americans and women; focused on wages, hours, and working conditions. Wanted collective bargaining and a closed-shop workplace.

79
Q

Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)

A

union of unskilled workers; resented AFL. Was radical and open to socialists and anarchists; held violent strikes.

80
Q

Haymarket Riot

A

Knights of Labor union workers of McCormick Reaper Factory demonstrated for 8-hr workday, but police intervention in a fight between scabs and workers on strike caused union members’ deaths. Union leaders called for a protest rally in Haymarket Square, Chicago. Anarchists joined. Someone threw a bomb into the police, which killed an officer; gunfire between both parties resulted in casualties for all. 4 anarchists were hanged for conspiring to commit murder.

81
Q

Pullman Strike

A

George Pullman (invented luxury sleeping train cars) cut wages by 25%, but rent and food prices stayed the same, which really pissed off his workers. Pullman’s workers sought aid from the American Railway Union (established after Great Railroad Strike of 1877 by Eugene V. Debs), resulting in a 260,000-worker strike. The strikers disrupted mail delivery, and when railroad owners looked to the government for help, the federal government declared that all union activity regarding railway traffic was illegal. This led to factory owners continually looking to the government for court orders against unions.

82
Q

Gilded Age

A

phrase coined by Mark Twain describing post-Reconstruction era. Gilded = covered in a thin layer of gold.

83
Q

Pendleton Civil Service Act

A

1880; created Civil Service Commission that classified government jobs & tested applicants’ fitness for the role. Federal employees no longer required to contribute to campaign funds, and could not be fired for political reasons.

84
Q

Interstate Commerce Act

A

1887: required rates to be set in proportion to distances traveled and to be made public; outlawed special rates for powerful customers. The federal regulatory board was the Interstate Commerce Commission, which enforced the act by taking railroads to court (although they usually lost)

85
Q

Ellis Island

A

reception center for steerage passengers, opened in 1892 by the US government in NY harbor near the Statue of Liberty. All new immigrants underwent physical exams here, and were quarantined and/or deported if they had a contagious disease. Those with trachoma (an eye disease) were automatically sent back. Immigrants sought communities established by previous immigrants from their homeland due to the common language and traditions. 2% of immigrants went South due to a lack of jobs in the North; immigrant workers were usually taken advantage of by employers, who got away with paying them less.

86
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A

1882: prohibited Chinese workers from entering the country (repealed in 1943)

87
Q

Political Machines

A

an unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power, headed by a single powerful boss. Worked through exchange of favors, and used an army of war leaders, each in charge of a district, where they contracted residents to do favors for them and in return gained residents’ votes on election day. Graft (use of one’s job to gain profit) = major source of income for machines. Helped the poor when the gov’t did not.

88
Q

Tenements

A

low-cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as could be packed in., built by speculators Air was dark/foul even in daylight due to soot from steam engines and boilers, and there was always a fire hazard due to so many buildings being packed so tightly together. Diseases like cholera, malaria, diphtheria, and tuberculosis were common in such tight quarters. Eventually there was a movement to change tenement designs for better airflow, and to accommodate windows in rows of buildings (dumbbell tenement).

89
Q

Jacob Riis

A

reporter who wrote book “How The Other Half Lives”, which made other Americans aware of the horrors of tenement life. Mastered the new technology of flash photography. This newfound awareness led to NY passing the nation’s first truly meaningful laws to improve tenements.

90
Q

Jane Addams

A

bought run-down Charles Hull Mansion in Chicago, in 1889 to be turned into a settlement house. She repaired it and opened the doors of Hull House to immigrants as a community center. It set up classes, craft fairs, exhibitions, child care, health care, summer camps, etc., and launched investigations of city economic, social, and political conditions. Led the way to over 400 settlement houses supported by donations and volunteers.

91
Q

Progressive Era Goals

A

abolition, women’s rights, temperance (part two), farm movement to compensate for declining importance of rural areas in increasingly urbanized America, rejection of Social Darwinism. Protection of social welfare, economic reform, economic efficiency, and promotion of moral improvement.

92
Q

Muckrakers

A

Reform-minded reporters of Progressive Era America who attacked established leaders/institutions for corruption. Usually had large audiences in popular magazines.

93
Q

“The Jungle” (Upton Sinclair)

A

Exposed horrific practices/conditions in meat-packing via fiction, and supported socialism over capitalism. Led to new federal laws on food safety.

94
Q

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A

NYC factory fire; deadliest industrial disaster in city’s history. 146 deaths, 71 injuries due to locked doors and neglected safety features.

95
Q

18th Amendment

A

prohibition of alcohol (manufacture, sale, transport, import, export)

96
Q

19th Amendment

A

women’s right to vote (suffrage)

US History P6 (4 decks)

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