Final Exam TB Flashcards
- what is the process whereby gametes from each parent fuse to produce a new cell
fertilization
what are gonadotrophs
cells of the anterior pituitary that secrete the gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH
in what region of the testes are sperm produced
seminiferous tubules
which of the following is NOT a function of sertoli cells
secrete androgens
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone stimulate the growth and development of sperm
indirectly by binding to sertoli cells
inhibin is secreted from the ______ and acts to reduce the secretion of _____ from the anterior pituitary gland
sertoli cells
FSH
spermatogenesis is directly stimulated by
both FSH and testosterone
enzymes that facilitate entry of sperm into the ova are contained within the ____ of the spermatozoa
acrosome
where are spermatogonia located
at the basement membrane-sertoli cell interface
- which of the following is the correct order of sperm development
spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa
- how do males continue to produce sperm through their adult lives
when a spermatogonium undergoes mitosis, only one undergoes further differentiation and meiosis to become a mature sperm; the other stays a spermatogonium
during spermatogenesis, only the _____ are haploid cells that require further differentiation in order to become functional spermatozoa
spermatids
- when do sperm acquire motility
after they undergo further maturation in the epididymis
- which of the following structures does NOT contract during ejaculation
erectile tissue
- within the ovaries, each follicle contains
a single oocyte
each ova is embedded within a _____ with only a small proportion advancing beyond the _____
follicle
primordial follicle
which of the following is NOT secreted by the granulosa cells
androgens
what is the outer layer of the uterus, made up of the peritoneal serous coat supported by a thin layer of connective tissue, called
perimetrium
most of the uterine wall thickness is composed of smooth muscle known as the
myometrium
a follicle in its earliest stage of development is called a ___ and contains a(n) ____
primordial follicle
oogonia
what structure(s) froms the birth canal
both vagina and cervical canal
where does fertilization usually occur
uterine (fallopian) tube
when does the second meiotic division in oogenesis occur
when the ovum has been fertilized
what is meiotic arrest
the pause in oogenesis that occurs between birth and ovulation
- the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle
both menstrual and proliferative phases
during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, one follicle (dominant follicle) will continue to develop because its cells
maintain estrogen secretion in the face of falling FSH levels
when does the zona pellucida develop
when follicles are in the preantral stage
what is the cumulus oophorus
granulosa cells that connect the oocyte to the wall of the Graffian follicle
- what hormone stimulates follicle growth
both FSH and estrogens
which of the following is a correct association between an oocyte’s development and the follicular structure containing it
Graafian follicle - secondary oocyte
- what does the surge in plasma luteinizing hormone that occurs at the beginning of the luteal phase trigger
both ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
the migration of sperm into the uterus, on their way to contract the ovum, is facilitated by the secretion of ____ into the _____
a thin mucus
cervical canal
which of the following changes in the uterus does NOT occur during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
enhanced secretion of fluids rich in fructose
the changes in the uterus that occur during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle are mediated by
increased progesterone from the corpus luteum
in the absence of the implantation of a fertilized embryo, the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is initiated by the degeneration of the
corpus luteum
in the uterine cycle, the proliferative phase is promoted by _____, whereas the secretory phase is promoted by _____
estrogen
progesterone
the reduction in progesterone and estrogen that occurs at the beginning of the follicular phase is responsible for stimulating follicular development through
stimulating the release of FSH
the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary begins to change during late follicular phase such that
estrogen reverses its negative feedback control on LH release, changing over to a positive feedback loop which increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
which of the following is NOT a response of the dominant follicle to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH) during the late follicular phase
the decrease in expression of LH receptors by granulosa cells
what hormone(s) is/are secreted by the corpus luteum
progesterone, estrogens, and inhibin
the hormonal trigger for menstruation involves a
loss of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum
- the elevated plasma concentration of estrogen early in the luteal phase has little effect on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) because
progesterone strongly inhibits LH release
sperm are unable to fertilize the egg upon entry into the vagina and must undergo _____, allowing them to _____, which facilitates fertilization
capacitiation
more readily adhere to the ovum
which of the following best describes the events that take place when the first sperm binds to the oocyte
the head of the sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte which stimulates the completion of its arrested meiosis II and second polar body is produced. the two parental (haploid) pronuclei then replicate their DNA while migrating towards each other to create their first mitotic division
the secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum during pregnancy is maintained by _____ until the corpus luteum degenerates and the _____ takes over secretion of these hormones
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
placenta
which of the following is NOT one of the effects that progesterone has on maintaining the body during pregnancy, preparing the body for parturition and for postnatal nourishment
the secretion of prolactin
the ______ in secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during pregnancy is regulated primarily by ___
descrease
progesterone
which of the following is a function of oxytocin
stimulates the uterus directly to cause contractions and indirectly by stimulating the release of prostaglandins from myometrial cells which locally cause uterine contractions as well
which of the following is TRUE of sertoli cells, but NOT granulosa cells
secretes androgen - binding protein
what releases androgens in females
theca cell
what secretes paracrines that support spermatogenesis
sertoli cell
what secretes paracrines that support oogenesis
granulosa cell
what stimulates gametogenesis in both males and females
FSH
which of the following inhibits uterine contractions
progesterone
which of the following is permissive to the actions of progesterone by inducing expression of progesterone receptors in the endometrium
estrogens
what promotes growth of glandular tissue of the breasts
progesterone
what is the function of the blood - testes barrier
isolates the sperm from the body’s immune system
gonadotropin - releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH from what structure
anterior pituitary
what mechanism(s) move sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis
flow of luminal fluid and peristalsis
what macromolecule is initially synthesized by the theca cells and then converted to a second macromolecule by the granulosa cells
androgens, estrogen
the follicle develops into the Graafian follicle, the _____ continues to increase in size until the fluid’s pressure causes the follicle to burst at ovulation
antrum
what layer(s) of the uterus proliferate during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
endometrium and the myometrium
during the follicular phase, estrogen induces the expression of what receptors of granulosa cells
LH
following implantation, what hormones is released from the chorionic portion of the placenta to maintain corpus luteal secretion of estrogen and progesterone
hCG
with respect to the structure of the breasts, _____ stimulates the growth of the ductal cells whereas ___ stimulates the grown of glandular cells
estrogen
progesterone
