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NeuroEndo > Final Exam TB > Flashcards

Final Exam TB Flashcards

1
Q
  • what is the process whereby gametes from each parent fuse to produce a new cell
A

fertilization

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2
Q

what are gonadotrophs

A

cells of the anterior pituitary that secrete the gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH

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3
Q

in what region of the testes are sperm produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

which of the following is NOT a function of sertoli cells

A

secrete androgens

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5
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone stimulate the growth and development of sperm

A

indirectly by binding to sertoli cells

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6
Q

inhibin is secreted from the ______ and acts to reduce the secretion of _____ from the anterior pituitary gland

A

sertoli cells

FSH

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7
Q

spermatogenesis is directly stimulated by

A

both FSH and testosterone

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8
Q

enzymes that facilitate entry of sperm into the ova are contained within the ____ of the spermatozoa

A

acrosome

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9
Q

where are spermatogonia located

A

at the basement membrane-sertoli cell interface

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10
Q
  • which of the following is the correct order of sperm development
A

spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa

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11
Q
  • how do males continue to produce sperm through their adult lives
A

when a spermatogonium undergoes mitosis, only one undergoes further differentiation and meiosis to become a mature sperm; the other stays a spermatogonium

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12
Q

during spermatogenesis, only the _____ are haploid cells that require further differentiation in order to become functional spermatozoa

A

spermatids

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13
Q
  • when do sperm acquire motility
A

after they undergo further maturation in the epididymis

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14
Q
  • which of the following structures does NOT contract during ejaculation
A

erectile tissue

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15
Q
  • within the ovaries, each follicle contains
A

a single oocyte

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16
Q

each ova is embedded within a _____ with only a small proportion advancing beyond the _____

A

follicle

primordial follicle

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17
Q

which of the following is NOT secreted by the granulosa cells

A

androgens

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18
Q

what is the outer layer of the uterus, made up of the peritoneal serous coat supported by a thin layer of connective tissue, called

A

perimetrium

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19
Q

most of the uterine wall thickness is composed of smooth muscle known as the

A

myometrium

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20
Q

a follicle in its earliest stage of development is called a ___ and contains a(n) ____

A

primordial follicle

oogonia

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21
Q

what structure(s) froms the birth canal

A

both vagina and cervical canal

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22
Q

where does fertilization usually occur

A

uterine (fallopian) tube

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23
Q

when does the second meiotic division in oogenesis occur

A

when the ovum has been fertilized

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24
Q

what is meiotic arrest

A

the pause in oogenesis that occurs between birth and ovulation

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25
Q
  • the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle
A

both menstrual and proliferative phases

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26
Q

during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, one follicle (dominant follicle) will continue to develop because its cells

A

maintain estrogen secretion in the face of falling FSH levels

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27
Q

when does the zona pellucida develop

A

when follicles are in the preantral stage

28
Q

what is the cumulus oophorus

A

granulosa cells that connect the oocyte to the wall of the Graffian follicle

29
Q
  • what hormone stimulates follicle growth
A

both FSH and estrogens

30
Q

which of the following is a correct association between an oocyte’s development and the follicular structure containing it

A

Graafian follicle - secondary oocyte

31
Q
  • what does the surge in plasma luteinizing hormone that occurs at the beginning of the luteal phase trigger
A

both ovulation and development of the corpus luteum

32
Q

the migration of sperm into the uterus, on their way to contract the ovum, is facilitated by the secretion of ____ into the _____

A

a thin mucus

cervical canal

33
Q

which of the following changes in the uterus does NOT occur during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

A

enhanced secretion of fluids rich in fructose

34
Q

the changes in the uterus that occur during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle are mediated by

A

increased progesterone from the corpus luteum

35
Q

in the absence of the implantation of a fertilized embryo, the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is initiated by the degeneration of the

A

corpus luteum

36
Q

in the uterine cycle, the proliferative phase is promoted by _____, whereas the secretory phase is promoted by _____

A

estrogen

progesterone

37
Q

the reduction in progesterone and estrogen that occurs at the beginning of the follicular phase is responsible for stimulating follicular development through

A

stimulating the release of FSH

38
Q

the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary begins to change during late follicular phase such that

A

estrogen reverses its negative feedback control on LH release, changing over to a positive feedback loop which increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)

39
Q

which of the following is NOT a response of the dominant follicle to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH) during the late follicular phase

A

the decrease in expression of LH receptors by granulosa cells

40
Q

what hormone(s) is/are secreted by the corpus luteum

A

progesterone, estrogens, and inhibin

41
Q

the hormonal trigger for menstruation involves a

A

loss of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum

42
Q
  • the elevated plasma concentration of estrogen early in the luteal phase has little effect on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) because
A

progesterone strongly inhibits LH release

43
Q

sperm are unable to fertilize the egg upon entry into the vagina and must undergo _____, allowing them to _____, which facilitates fertilization

A

capacitiation

more readily adhere to the ovum

44
Q

which of the following best describes the events that take place when the first sperm binds to the oocyte

A

the head of the sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte which stimulates the completion of its arrested meiosis II and second polar body is produced. the two parental (haploid) pronuclei then replicate their DNA while migrating towards each other to create their first mitotic division

45
Q

the secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum during pregnancy is maintained by _____ until the corpus luteum degenerates and the _____ takes over secretion of these hormones

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

placenta

46
Q

which of the following is NOT one of the effects that progesterone has on maintaining the body during pregnancy, preparing the body for parturition and for postnatal nourishment

A

the secretion of prolactin

47
Q

the ______ in secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during pregnancy is regulated primarily by ___

A

descrease

progesterone

48
Q

which of the following is a function of oxytocin

A

stimulates the uterus directly to cause contractions and indirectly by stimulating the release of prostaglandins from myometrial cells which locally cause uterine contractions as well

49
Q

which of the following is TRUE of sertoli cells, but NOT granulosa cells

A

secretes androgen - binding protein

50
Q

what releases androgens in females

A

theca cell

51
Q

what secretes paracrines that support spermatogenesis

A

sertoli cell

52
Q

what secretes paracrines that support oogenesis

A

granulosa cell

53
Q

what stimulates gametogenesis in both males and females

A

FSH

54
Q

which of the following inhibits uterine contractions

A

progesterone

55
Q

which of the following is permissive to the actions of progesterone by inducing expression of progesterone receptors in the endometrium

A

estrogens

56
Q

what promotes growth of glandular tissue of the breasts

A

progesterone

57
Q

what is the function of the blood - testes barrier

A

isolates the sperm from the body’s immune system

58
Q

gonadotropin - releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH from what structure

A

anterior pituitary

59
Q

what mechanism(s) move sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis

A

flow of luminal fluid and peristalsis

60
Q

what macromolecule is initially synthesized by the theca cells and then converted to a second macromolecule by the granulosa cells

A

androgens, estrogen

61
Q

the follicle develops into the Graafian follicle, the _____ continues to increase in size until the fluid’s pressure causes the follicle to burst at ovulation

A

antrum

62
Q

what layer(s) of the uterus proliferate during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

A

endometrium and the myometrium

63
Q

during the follicular phase, estrogen induces the expression of what receptors of granulosa cells

A

LH

64
Q

following implantation, what hormones is released from the chorionic portion of the placenta to maintain corpus luteal secretion of estrogen and progesterone

A

hCG

65
Q

with respect to the structure of the breasts, _____ stimulates the growth of the ductal cells whereas ___ stimulates the grown of glandular cells

A

estrogen

progesterone

NeuroEndo (6 decks)

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