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Anatomy and Physiology Honors 1 > Final Exam semester 1 > Flashcards

Final Exam semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomical position

A

Thumbs facing out, body is erect, arms at side, feet and face facing forward

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2
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A

chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organs systems, organisms

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3
Q

How is the body divided into cavities?

A

ventral cavity and dorsal cavity

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4
Q

What cavities are within the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

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5
Q

What cavities are within the dorsal cavity?

A

Cranial and Spinal

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6
Q

What cavities are within the thoracic cavity?

A

Pericardial and pleural

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7
Q

What cavities are within the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic

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8
Q

What organs are inside the thoracic cavity?

A

The lungs, heart, trachea, aorta, etc.

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9
Q

What organs are inside the abdominal cavity?

A

Large intestine, small intestine, liver, pancreas, etc.

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10
Q

What organs are in the pelvic cavity?

A

Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, uterus

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11
Q

What cavity holds the kidneys?

A

Retro peritoneal

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12
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

the diaphragm

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13
Q

What separate the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity?

A

the hips

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14
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of internal and external structure and the physical relationship between body parts.

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15
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

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16
Q

What is Gross Anatomy?

A

considers features visible to the unaided eye

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17
Q

What is Surface Anatomy?

A

refers to the study of general form and superficial markings

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18
Q

What is Regional Anatomy?

A

considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific region

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19
Q

What is Systematic Anatomy?

A

considers the structure of major organ systems

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20
Q

What is Human Physiology?

A

the study of human functions

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21
Q

What is Cell Physiology?

A

the study of the functions of cells

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22
Q

What is Special Physiology?

A

the study of physiology of specific organs

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23
Q

What is Systematic Physiology?

A

considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems

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24
Q

What is Pathological Physiology?

A

the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

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25
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

its what maintains an organisms internal environment

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26
Q

What is Negative Feedback?

A

a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation

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27
Q

What is Positive Feedback?

A

the initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus

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28
Q

What is an example of Positive Feedback?

A

Childbirth

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29
Q

What is an example of Negative Feedback?

A

Homeostasis

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30
Q

How does Negative Feedback work?

A

receptor goes to control center, control center sends out signal to effector, effector causes a response, response causes a stimulus.

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31
Q

How does Positive Feedback work?

A

A stimulus produces a response and that response reinforces the stimulus and it loops until the reason why the stimulus was produced is completed.

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32
Q

Which elements make of 96% of the human body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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33
Q

What is a trace element?

A

A chemical element present in minute amounts

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34
Q

Compare compound and elements

A

A compound is made up of multiple elements while an element is made up of a certain type of atom

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35
Q

What is the importance of Valence Electrons?

A

They are important because they determine how the atom can bond with others.

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36
Q

What is an isotope?

A

atoms of an element with different number of neutrons than the original

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37
Q

What are radioactive isotopes used for?

A

Diagnostic procedures

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38
Q

Why is Calcium and Phosphorus so important?

A

They work together to build bones

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39
Q

What is a Carbohydrate?

A

An organic molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; most important form of energy

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40
Q

Characteristics of Carbs?

A

In the form of a monosaccharides, disaccharide, or polysaccharide

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41
Q

Example of a Carb

A

Glucose

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42
Q

What is a Lipid?

A

contains hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, but less oxygen than carbs; Another source of energy

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43
Q

Example of a lipid

A

butter, steroids

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44
Q

Characteristics of lipids?

A

don’t dissolve in water

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45
Q

What is a Protein?

A

a polypeptide with complex structure

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46
Q

Characteristics of Proteins?

A

Hydrophilic, structure is based on amino acids

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47
Q

Function of Proteins?

A

Support, Movement, Transport, Buffering, Metabolic regulation, Coordination, Defense

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48
Q

Example of a Protein

A

Hemoglobin

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49
Q

What is a Nucleic Acid?

A

large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; stores and process information at molecular level

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50
Q

Characteristics of Nucleic Acids?

A

Is a polymer, long chain of nucleotide, nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and Nitrogenous base

51
Q

What is an example of a Nucleic Acid?

A

DNA and RNA

52
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations

53
Q

What is a Covalent bond?

A

atoms that share there valence electrons

54
Q

What is a Polar Covalent bond?

A

an unequal sharing of electrons

55
Q

What is a Non-polar covalent bond?

A

an equal sharing of electrons

56
Q

What is a buffer?

A

compounds that stabilize pH

57
Q

What is pH?

A

the concentration of hydrogen ions

58
Q

What type of joint is a Synarthrosis?

A

an Immovable joint

59
Q

What type of joint is Amphiarthrosis?

A

A slightly movable joint

60
Q

what type of joint is a Diarthrosis?

A

A freely movable joint

61
Q

What are functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, Storage, Blood cell production, Protection

62
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

production of blood cells

63
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification?

A

blueprint for the bones, bones are cartilage

64
Q

What is Endochondral Ossification?

A

When the bone develops from the Hyaline cartilage

65
Q

What is the first step of Endochondral Ossification?

A

Chondrocytes enlarge and die as the matrix calcifies

66
Q

What is the second step of Endochondral Ossification?

A

Osteblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone

67
Q

What is the third step of Endochondral Ossification?

A

Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage,new osteoblasts form a primary ossification center

68
Q

What is the fourth step of Endochondral ossification?

A

The bone shaft thickens and cartilage near the epiphysis is replaced by bone.

69
Q

What is the fifth step of Endochondral Ossification?

A

Blood vessels invade epiphyses and osteoblasts form secondary centers of ossification

70
Q

What is the first step of a healing bone?

A

Extensive bleeding occurs and a fracture hematoma develops

71
Q

What is the second step of a healing bone?

A

An internal callus forms as spongy bone uniting the inner edges and an external callus of cartilage stabilizes the outer edges

72
Q

What is the third step of a healing bone?

A

Cartilage of external callus is replaced by bone and spongy bone unites the broken ends. Dead bone closest to the break are removed and replaced

73
Q

What is the fourth step of a healing bone?

A

swelling marks to location of fracture, the region will be remodelled and little evidence will remain

74
Q

What are the function of the Muscular System?

A

Produce movement of the skeleton, maintain posture, support soft tissues, guard entrances and exits, maintain temperature

75
Q

What is the name of a muscle cell?

A

myocyte

76
Q

What is the name of the muscle cell membrane?

A

Endomysium

77
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

It is myofilaments that are organized into repeating functional units

78
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

The communication link between the nervous system and a skeletal muscle fiber

79
Q

What is the Synaptic Terminal?

A

Groove where axon goes

80
Q

What is ACh?

A

Acetocholine is a neurotransmitter

81
Q

What does ACh do?

A

It is a chemical that communicates with other cells

82
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

The space between the Synaptic termical and Sarcolemma.

83
Q

What is the motor end plate?

A

Portion of membrane that contains receptors that bind the ACh

84
Q

Where are calcium ions stored in a muscle cell?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

85
Q

What is an Isometric contraction?

A

muscle does not change length

86
Q

What is an Isotonic contraction?

A

skeletal muscle length changes

87
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Muscle fibers that are controlled by a single motor neuron

88
Q

What is a small motor unit?

A

only a few fibers that are controlled by a motor neuron

89
Q

What is a large motor unit?

A

possibly thousands of fibers controlled by a motor neuron

90
Q

What are the our four sources of energy used first?

A

ATP, Creatine Phosphate, Glucose, Adipose

91
Q

What is a Threshold Stimulus?

A

Only stimulus that allows muscle to respond

92
Q

What is a Sub-threshold stimulus?

A

stimulus that is too weak to allow muscle contraction

93
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

When the actin filaments slide of the myosin filaments to shorten the muscle length

94
Q

What happens during the recovery period?

A

The conditions within the muscle are returned to normal preexertion levels

95
Q

What happens in the Latent Period?

A

begins stimulus and action potential sweeps across the sarcolemma, contraction has not started yet

96
Q

What happens in the Contraction Phase?

A

tension rises to a peak, cross bridges are interacting with the active sites on the actin filaments

97
Q

What happen in the relaxation phase?

A

muscle tension falls to resting levels as calcium levels drop, active site are covered

98
Q

What is an origin?

A

Where a muscle begins

99
Q

What is an insertion?

A

Where the muscle ends

100
Q

What is the first step of the contraction cycle?

A

active cite is exposed following the binding of Ca ions to troponin

101
Q

What is the second step of the contraction cycle?

A

Myosin crossbridges form and attach to exposed active cite on actin

102
Q

What is the third step of the contraction cycle?

A

Attached myosin pivots toward center of sarcomere, ADP and phosphate group are released

103
Q

What is the fourth step of the contraction cycle?

A

Cross bridges detach when myosin head bind another ATP molecule

104
Q

What is the fifth step of the contraction cycle?

A

Detached myosin head is reactivated as it splits ATP and captures released energy

105
Q

What is diffusion?

A

net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to low concentration

106
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A

ions or molecules moved across cell membrane without use of energy

107
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

something moved across membrane that requires energy, typically ATP

108
Q

What is an example of Passive Transport?

A

diffusion

109
Q

What is an example of Active Transport?

A

endocytosis

110
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across a membrane

111
Q

What is filtration?

A

when hydrostatic pressure forces water across a membrane

112
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

when larger molecules are transported across the membrane with the help of transport proteins

113
Q

What is a Sodium-Potassium pump?

A

The process of ejecting sodium ions and gaining potassium ions

114
Q

What is Dialysis?

A

process of removing waste products and excess fluid from the body

115
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at surface for import in

116
Q

What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

formations of small vesicles at membrane surface to important certain substances

117
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

formation of small vesicle filled with extracellular fluid, drinking

118
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

cell eating

119
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Functional reverse of endocytosis

120
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

RNA being made from the DNA

121
Q

What organelle is involved in protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

122
Q

How is tRNA made?

A

mRNA being translated

123
Q

How is mRNA made?

A

transcription

Anatomy and Physiology Honors 1 (11 decks)

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