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Anatomy and Physiology Honors 1 > Chapter 2 vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 2 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

anabole

A

a building up

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2
Q

endo

A

inside

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3
Q

exo

A

outside

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4
Q

glyco

A

sugar

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5
Q

hydro

A

water + lysis, breakdown

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6
Q

phragm

A

partition

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7
Q

katabole

A

a throwing down

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8
Q

katalysis

A

dissolution

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9
Q

lipos

A

fat

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10
Q

metabole

A

change

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11
Q

ose

A

sugar/carbs

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12
Q

ase

A

enzyme

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13
Q

dia

A

across/through

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14
Q

sakcharon

A

sugar

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15
Q

mono

A

single

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16
Q

di

A

two

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17
Q

poly

A

many

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18
Q

co

A

with

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19
Q

valent

A

having power

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20
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of matter

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21
Q

molecule

A

chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons

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22
Q

compound

A

any chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements

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23
Q

ion

A

atoms or molecules with an electric charge

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24
Q

cations

A

ions with positive charge

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25
Q

anions

A

ions with negative charge

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26
Q

ionic bonds

A

chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations

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27
Q

covalent bond

A

bond created by the sharing of electrons between atoms

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28
Q

single covalent bond

A

sharing of one pair of electrons

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29
Q

double covalent bond

A

sharing of two pairs of electrons

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30
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

sharing of electrons equally

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31
Q

polar covalent bond

A

sharing of electrons unequally

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32
Q

surface tension

A

attraction between water molecules at a free surface slows the rate of evaporation

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33
Q

Metabolism

A

refers to chemical reactions in the body

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34
Q

work

A

movement or change in the physical structure of matter

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35
Q

energy

A

capacity to perform work

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36
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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37
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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38
Q

decomposition reaction

A

breaks a molecule into smaller fragments

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39
Q

synthesis

A

assembles larger molecules from smaller compents

40
Q

exchange reaction

A

parts of reacting molecule are shuffled around

41
Q

equilibrium

A

rates of two reactions are in balance

42
Q

activation energy

A

amount of energy required to start a reaction

43
Q

catalysts

A

compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed

44
Q

exergonic

A

reactions that release energy

45
Q

endergonic

A

reactions that absorb energy

46
Q

nutrients

A

essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet

47
Q

metabolites

A

molecules that are synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body

48
Q

inorganic compounds

A

small molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms

49
Q

organic compounds

A

primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and they can be larger and more complex than inorganic compounds

50
Q

water properties

A

solvent, high heat capacity, essential reactant in chemical reactions of living systems

51
Q

solution

A

consists of uniform mixture of fluid solvent and dissolved solutes

52
Q

ionization

A

ionic bonds broken apart as individual ions interact with the positive or negative ends of polar water molecules

53
Q

acid

A

substance that breaks apart in solution to release hydrogen ions

54
Q

base

A

substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution

55
Q

buffer

A

compounds that stabilize pH by removing or replacing hydrogen ions

56
Q

electrolyte

A

organic compounds whose ions can conduct an electrical current in solution

57
Q

carbohydrate

A

organic molecule that contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen

58
Q

glucose

A

sugar, most important metabolic fuel in the body

59
Q

monosaccharide

A

dissolve readily in water, rapidly distributed throughout body by blood and other fluids

60
Q

disaccharide

A

made up of two monosaccharides

61
Q

polysaccharides

A

larger carbohydrate molecule

62
Q

glycogen

A

animal starch, polysaccharide

63
Q

lipids

A

fat, contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen

64
Q

fatty acids

A

long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms

65
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

four single covalent bonds of each carbon atom permit neighboring carbon to link to each other

66
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

carbon to carbon bonds are double covalent, fewer hydrogen atoms are present

67
Q

trygylceride

A

attached to three fatty acids, most common

68
Q

steroids

A

large lipid molecules composed of four connected rings of carbon atoms

69
Q

cholesterol

A

best known steroid

70
Q

phospholipid

A

consists of glycerol and two fatty acids linked to a nonlipid group by a phosphate group

71
Q

protein

A

most abundant organic compound in human body, most important in many ways

72
Q

support, structural proteins

A

create three-dimensional framework for body, provides strength, organization, support for cells, tissues and organs.

73
Q

movement, contractile proteins

A

responsible for muscular contraction, related proteins are responsible for movement of individual cells

74
Q

transport, transport proteins

A

carry insoluble lipids, respiratory gases, iron and several hormones in blood, others transport materials between different parts of a cell

75
Q

buffering

A

help prevent potentially dangerous changes in pH in cells and tissues

76
Q

metabolic regulation, Enzymes

A

accelerate chemical reaction in living cells, control pace and direction of metabolic operations

77
Q

coordination, communication, control, protein hormones

A

influence metabolic activities of every cell in body or affect function of specific organs or organ systems

78
Q

defence

A

waterproof proteins of the skin, hair, and nail protect body from environmental hazards

79
Q

antibodies

A

protect us from disease

80
Q

clotting proteins

A

restrict bleeding following an injury to the cardiovascular system

81
Q

amino acids

A

long chains of proteins made of organic molecules

82
Q

peptide bond

A

individual amino acids strung together, carboxylic acid group of one amino acid attached to the amino group of another.

83
Q

peptide

A

molecules made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

84
Q

denaturation

A

when proteins undergo a change in their three-dimensional shape

85
Q

substrates

A

reactants in enzymatic reaction

86
Q

active site

A

the special region of the enzyme that substrates bind to for an enzyme to become catalyst

87
Q

nucleic acids

A

large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

88
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

89
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

RNA

90
Q

nucleotides

A

subunits that make up nucleic acids

91
Q

complementary base pairs

A

adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine

92
Q

double helix

A

two strands of DNA twist around one another

93
Q

high-energy bonds

A

covalent bond that stores and unusually large amount of energy.

94
Q

high-energy compound

A

high-energy bond connecting a phosphate group to an organic molecule

95
Q

adenosine triphosphate, ATP

A

most important high-energy compound in the body

Anatomy and Physiology Honors 1 (11 decks)

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