Final Exam Review (weeks 1-4) Flashcards
What is a discipline?
A branch of education, a department of learning, or a domain of knowledge
What level of prevention involves activities aimed at reducing factors leading to health problems?
Primary prevention
What level of prevention involves early detection and intervention in the potential development of a health problem?
Secondary prevention
What level of prevention is focused on the treatment of a health problem?
Tertiary prevention
What are the 4 pillars of primary health care?
- Teams
- Information
- Healthy living
- Access
What are the 3 approaches to health in Canada?
- Medical
- Behavioural
- Socioenvironmental
What are health disparities?
Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, or opportunity to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations
Health ______ cause health inequalities
Inequities
What are the 5 principles of the Canada Health Act?
- Public administration
- Comprehensiveness
- Universality
- Portability
- Accessibility
Who does the federal government deliver health services to?
- Indigenous peoples
- Veterans
- Federal inmates
- RCMP
How did the Romanow Commission (2002) view Medicare?
As something sustainable that must be preserved because it represents core values of Canadians
How did the Kirby Report (2002) view Medicare?
As a system that is not sustainable
What are the 3 barriers to primary health care?
- Individual-level barriers
- Practice-level barriers
- System-level barriers
What are the 5 levels of health care?
- Level 1: Health promotion
- Level 2: Disease and injury prevention
- Level 3: Diagnosis and treatment
- Level 4: Rehabilitation
- Level 5: Supportive care
Who formed the Sisters of Charity: first visiting nurses?
Marguerite d’Youville
Who provided care to early settlers?
Mme Hébert
Who founded the first hospital in Quebec?
Jeanne Mance
Who is the founder of modern nursing?
Florence Nightingale
Where was the first undergraduate nursing program established in Canada?
University of British Columbia
Which provinces have endorsed Baccalaureate as Entry-to-Practice (BETP)
All except Quebec
Where was the first Masters of Nursing program established in Canada?
University of Western Ontario
Where was the first doctoral program for nursing established in Canada?
University of Alberta
Who monitors the nursing educational standards in Canada?
The provinces and territories and the Canadian Association for Schools of Nursing (CASN)
What is the CNA?
Canadian Nurses Association
- Leader in advocacy and policy development
Who developed the Code of Ethics?
CNA
What is the CNO? What is its role?
College of Nurses of Ontario
- Set scope of practice
- Protect the title of nurse
- Protect the public against unqualified, incompetent practice
What are the 2 broad approaches to the study of ethics?
- Descriptive moral theory –> explains what people do or think about moral issues
- Normative –> tells us how we should think about moral questions
What is deontological theory?
- Actions are defined as right or wrong
- Do not look at the consequences of actions
- Moral and honest action is taken regardless of the outcome
What is the utilitarian theory?
- No absolute principles
- Greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people
- The ethical choice is the one with the best consequences
What is bioethics?
Actions are obligation based, outcome-oriented, and based on reason
What are the 4 principles of bioethics?
- Autonomy
- Beneficence
- Non-maleficence
- Justice
What is feminist ethics?
- Focus on equality between people
- Attentive to issues of difference, power dynamics, and context
What is relational ethics?
- Response to the limits of philosophical theories of justice
- Emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships
What are the 4 themes of relational ethics?
- Environment
- Embodiment
- Mutuality
- Engagement
What is an ethical agent?
Someone who has the capacity to direct their actions to some ethical end
What is ethical courage?
When nurses stand firm on a point of moral principle
What are ethical dilemmas?
Arise when there are equally compelling reasons for and against two or more possible courses of action
What is ethical disengagement?
Nurses normalize the disregard of their ethical commitment
What is ethical distress?
Arises when nurses are unable to act according to their moral judgment
What is ethical indifference?
IMplies a failure to assume the ethical responsibilities of the profession, leaving one in a passive state that calls into question the moral integrity of the nurse
What is ethical residue?
What each of us carries with us from times in our lives when we have been seriously compromised
What is ethical resilience?
Capacity of an individual to sustain or restore their integrity in response to moral complexity, confusion, distress or setbacks
What are ethical violations?
Actions or failures to act that breach fundamental duties to the persons receiving care or to other healthcare providers
What are the 4 aspects of the nursing metaparadigm?
Person
Nursing
Environment
Health
What was Dorothea Orem’s focus in her Self-Care Deficit Theory?
- Nursing care is required is the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs
- Focus on the individual’s role in maintaining health
What was Florence Nightingale’s nursing theory entitled?
Environmental theory
What is the classification of levels of nursing theory from most abstract to most specific?
- Metaparadigm
- Grand theories
- Middle-range theories
- Practice-level theories
What are the 5 ways of knowing?
- Empirics
- Esthetics
- Personal knowledge
- Ethics
- Emancipatory knowing
What are the 6 steps to evidence-informed practice?
- Ask
- Collect
- Critique
- Integrate
- Evaluate
- Disseminate
What does PICOT stand for?
P: Patient/population of interest
I: Intervention of interest
C: Comparison of interest
O: Outcome
T: Time
What are 4 types of qualitative research designs?
- Ethnography
- Phenomenology
- Grounded theory
- Symbolic interactionism
What are 4 types of quantitative research designs?
- Non-experimental
- Cohort
- Case control
- Survey
