Final Exam Review Section 2

Question 1

Effective Nuclear Energy (Zeff)

Answer 1

Zeff = (# of protons) - (# of core electrons)
Remains constant as we move down in Groups
Increases by 1 as we move L->R in periods

Question 2

Atomic Radius

Answer 2

As we move left to right Radius decreases
As we move down radius increases

Question 3

Ionic Radius

Answer 3

Cations: (+) charge - radius is smaller
Anions: (-) charge - radius is larger

Question 4

Isoelectric Series

Answer 4

series of elements with same # of electrons
O^(2-) F^(1-) Ne Na^(1+) Mg^(2+)

Question 5

Polarizability

Answer 5

Increases as we move down the table
Decreases as we move left to right on table
Anions are more polarizable than cations

Question 6

Ionization energy

Answer 6

energy required to remove an electron from atom (g)
Al (g) –> Al+(g) + e-

Question 7

Ionization Trend

Answer 7

Moving left to right the ionization energy will increase
Moving down the ionization energy will decrease

Question 8

Ionization exceptions

Answer 8

Group 2 has greater IE than Group 13
Group 15 has greater IE than group 16

Question 9

Electron Affinity

Answer 9

energy change when electron is added to neutral atom (g)
X (g) + e- –> X- (g)

Question 10

Electron Affinity Trend

Answer 10

Moving from left to right EA will increase
Moving down the EA will decrease

Question 11

Electron Affinity exceptions

Answer 11

3p elements have greater EA than 2p elements
In group 2 EA increases as you go down group
In group 15 EA increases as you go down group
Noble gasses have EA that’s equal to zero
Group14 has greater EA than group 15

Question 12

Electronegativity treng

Answer 12

Increases from left to right on PT
Decreases moving down on PT
F is most EN and Cs is least EN

Question 13

Hund’s Rule

Answer 13

a. fill subshells in order
b. completely fill subshell before moving to next
c. any single orbital w/ two electrons must spin opposite
d. place one electron in each orbital first all with same spin, then fill orbitals with opposite spin

Question 14

Hund’s exceptions

Answer 14

Chromium, Molybdenum, Copper, Silver, & Gold

Question 15

Absorbtion

Answer 15

When an atom absorbs energy it sends electron from a lower subshell to a higher one
-Change in energy will be positive (ENDO)

Question 16

Emission

Answer 16

When an atom emits energy it sends electron from a higher subshell to a lower one
-Change in energy will be negative (EXO)

Question 17

Principal Quantum Number

Answer 17

-n
-1 to infinity
-Energy level and the size of electron shell

Question 18

Orbital Momentum Quantum number

Answer 18

-l
-0 to (n-1)
-type of subshell & the shape of the orbital

Question 19

Magnetic Quantum number

Answer 19

-ml
- from -l to +l
-number of orbitals in subshell

Question 20

Spin Quantum number

Answer 20

-ms
- (-1/2) to (+1/2)
-direction of electron spin

Question 21

Pauli exclusion Principle

Answer 21

States that no two electrons within in atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

Question 22

Aufbau Principle

Answer 22

Orbitals are filled from lower principal quantum number (n) values to higher (n) values

Question 23

Excited state electron configuration

Answer 23

In an excited state, electrons will move from a lower energy subshell to a higher energy subhell