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Introduction to Psychology > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is the father of Psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Father of Psychoanalysis, Id, Ego, Superego, Sexual Stages of Personality, conscious vs. unconscious

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3
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud

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4
Q

Phrenology

A

bumps on head

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5
Q

Psychology

A

study of behaviors and the brain, science

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6
Q

Biological Approach

A

genes, biological

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7
Q

Which approach about Psychology is about what you inherit?

A

Biological Approach

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8
Q

Behavioral Approach

A

learned behaviors, fears, environmental influences

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9
Q

Which approach about Psychology is about what you are taught?

A

Behavioral Approach

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10
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

thinking and perspective

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11
Q

Which approach about Psychology is about how you think and view things?

A

Cognitive Approach

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12
Q

Psycho dynamic Approach

A

conscious vs. unconscious approach- related to Freud

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13
Q

Which approach about Psychology would be associated with interpretation of dreams or hypnosis?

A

Psycho dynamic approach

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14
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

motivation, ambition, self-determination

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15
Q

Which approach about Psychology would be associated with looking at your own potential?

A

Humanistic Approach

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16
Q

Albert Bandura

A

focused on learned behaviors, Bobo Doll/violence/aggression

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17
Q

Bobo Doll Experiment

A

group of kids watch adults interact with a Bobo Doll- social learning

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18
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

learned behaviors, conditioning, positive & negative reinforcements

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19
Q

Skinner Box

A

experiment using electric grid and rats- rats were rewarded when behavior was approved with food, punished with electrical current = conditioning

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20
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Stages of Development, object permanence

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21
Q

object permanence

A

peek-a-boo; learning that items still around they do not vanish

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22
Q

Surveys

A

not reliable; people are often dishonest, especially when they are not anonymous

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23
Q

Interviews

A

people can be dishonest, body language can be read, they can be guided

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24
Q

Field studies

A

gathering information in a natural setting

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25
Q

Natural observation

A

observing behavior in a natural setting- Jane Goodall/chimpanzees

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26
Q

Directed observation

A

observing behavior in a controlled setting- a laboratory

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27
Q

When a administrator comes to view a classroom is it a natural or directed observation?

A

Directed- however, most will change their behavior bc they know they are being watched

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28
Q

When an administrator is observing students in the cafeteria is it a natural or directed observation?

A

Natural

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29
Q

Case Studies

A

following a subject/ testing at theory over time; downfall is losing touch with participants

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30
Q

Standardized Tests

A

norms- can be compared, SAT’s, ACT’s, Driver license, doctor’s physical

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31
Q

Experiments

A

have a hypothesis and test it out

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32
Q

Morality & Experiments

A

Need

  1. Consent
  2. Participant can’t be worse off than before
  3. Participant can stop
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33
Q

Milgram Shock Experiment

A

Teacher/Learner- study of authority, unethical experiment- participants asked to withdraw

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34
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

follow up to Milgram; college students/prisoner vs. guard

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35
Q

In which unethical experiment did the Psychologist insert himself making it immoral?

A

Stanford Prison Experiment- Phillip Zimbardo

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36
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

A

Af. Ams males in the US Military; experiment done by the military to see how syphilis affected Af. Am. males

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37
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Shock/authority

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38
Q

Prison authority

A

Phillip Zimbardo

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39
Q

Dr. Mengele

A

Angel of Death- Holocaust- study of twins/dwarfs

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40
Q

Validity

A

how reliable results or experiment is

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41
Q

When looking to see how useful data or an experiment is, you are looking for it’s

A

validity

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42
Q

Independent variable

A

what is being manipulated- what changes

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43
Q

The control- what is being measured/observed

A

Dependent variable

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44
Q

Prenatal

A

Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal

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45
Q

Rooting

A

turning your head to look for stimulus

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46
Q

when babies display their arms back when reacting to stimulus/fear

A

Moro

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47
Q

Babinski

A

spreading of toes instead of curling when bottom of foot is touched

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48
Q

babies ability to “walk”

A

Stepping

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49
Q

Diver’s Affect

A

babies ability to breathe underwater and swim- up to about 6 months

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50
Q

newborn babies can…

A

see up to 8 inches, determine primary caretaker by smell/sound

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51
Q

Harlow & Harlow

A

Contact/Comfort Experiment- rhesus monkeys: fuzzy fake mom vs. nutrient laden fake mom

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52
Q

Strange Situation Experiment

A

Mary Ainsworth- how baby reacts upon reunion with mom after being left with a stranger

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53
Q

when baby cries upon mom’s return, but can return to play as before

A

Secure Attachment

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54
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

when baby cries upon mom’s return, avoids being comforted or contact with mom

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55
Q

Anxious/Insecure

A

when baby cries upon mom’s return, and cannot be comforted

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56
Q

Sensory Motor Stage of Development

A

babies learn everything through senses- put everything into their mouths

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57
Q

formation of language- telegraphic type

A

Pre-Operational Stage

58
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

learns reversibility, conservation, cause and effect

59
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

can plan into future, compare/contrast, abstract

60
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

linguist, believes we are all born with a language aquisition device (LAD)- cooing IS language

61
Q

type of language twins share

A

double talk

62
Q

Sex

A

plumbing- genitalia you are born with

63
Q

Gender

A

role identification- learned behavior/expectations for that specific “gender”

64
Q

Intersex conditions

A

born with both genitalia

65
Q

period of sexual maturation; person becomes able to reproduce

A

puberty

66
Q

the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development, extending mainly over the teen years and terminating legally when the age of majority is reached; youth.

A

adolescence

67
Q

an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to a caregiver and showing distress on separation.

A

attachment

68
Q

menopause

A

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

69
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period.

70
Q

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction.

A

primary sex characteristics

71
Q

the nonreproductive sexual characteristics, for example,female breasts, male voice quality, and body hair.

A

secondary sex characteristics

72
Q

Social Clock

A

the cultural preferred timing of social event such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

73
Q

Autism

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind; it is a spectrum and no two people would experience it exactly alike

74
Q

Memory

A

the power of retaining and recalling past experience

75
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

contrasting views about whether or not we keep memories with us frozen in time; vivid strong memories often linked to traumatic experiences

76
Q

the process of getting information out of memory storage

A

retrieval

77
Q

Short Term Memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

78
Q

Serial Positioning Effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

79
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

80
Q

rote

A

memory by repetition

81
Q

long term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

82
Q

displacement

A

defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are directed towards a different object

83
Q

eye witness accounts

A

The most unreliable evidence in a criminal case, people that witness an event first hand.

84
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

85
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

86
Q

eidetic memory

A

Photographic Memory

87
Q

the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before

A

déjà vu

88
Q

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

A

recognition

89
Q

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

A

recall

90
Q

the false recollection of episodic memory, filling in gaps.

A

confabulation

91
Q

repression

A

the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming consciou

92
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

devices for, memory tricks or strategies to make information easier to remember

93
Q

Selective Attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

94
Q

a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience

A

learning

95
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response

96
Q

First proposed and studied by Ivan Pavlov, a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. (Ex. Pavlov’s dog experiment taught dogs that the neural stimulus equals something good)

A

Classical Conditioning

97
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Psychologist who is best known for classical conditioning. His work lay the foundation for behaviorism. His dog experiment presented a tone (neural stimulus) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The NS then became a CS, producing a CR.

98
Q

Conditioned Response

A

The learned response (reflexive behavior) to a conditioned stimulus (in Pavlov’s experiment it was the salivation).

99
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Originally an irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditional response.

100
Q

Little Baby Albert

A

Feared loud noises, but not white rats; eventually he was conditioned to fear rats, generalized to all fluffy things.

101
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

102
Q

Strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response.

A

Positive Reinforcement

103
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

The occurrence of a behavior is increased by removing an unpleasant stimuli.

104
Q

Punishment

A

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

105
Q

Effective Punishment has to be

A
  1. consistent
  2. relative to behavior
  3. timely
106
Q

Phobias

A

learned fears

107
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

108
Q

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

A

Extrinsic motivation

109
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

110
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

111
Q

How are we affected by selective attention?

A

attend to, and process, an extremely small amount of incoming information, while blocking out most of the other information. We also shift our focus (attention) from one thing to another during this process

112
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Consciousness is our awareness of ourselves and our environment

113
Q

How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning?

A

We have a biological clock that operates on a 24 hours cycle (day and night) known as our circadian rhythm. Our body temperature and sleep patterns are affected during this 24 hour cycle

114
Q

How does sleep loss affect us?

A

Sleep deprivation can cause the following: decreased memory, decreased concentration, decreased mood, weakening of the immune system, increase in weight (sleep deprivation increases the hunger arousing hormone ghrelin and decreases the hunger suppressing hormone leptin), decreased productivity, and increases the risk of fatal accidents

115
Q

When we can’t see visible objects because our attention is elsewhere

A

Inattentional blindness

116
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggest to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

117
Q

What is dissociation?

A

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

118
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions

119
Q

DSM-IV-TR

A

Abbrevation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders

120
Q

The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior.

A

Abnormal Psychology

121
Q

Anxiety

A

a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune

122
Q

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

A

Panic Disorder

123
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

124
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.(DID)

125
Q

Antisocial Personality

A

personality who lacks a conscience, is emotionally shallow, impulsive, and selfish, and tends to manipulate others

126
Q

Schizophrenia

A

group of disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

127
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

128
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

129
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

130
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

131
Q

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

A

ADHD

132
Q

id

A

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

133
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

134
Q

Superego

A

the part of the personality in Freud’s theory that is responsible for making moral choices

135
Q

Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 0-18 months; focus: oral cavity; task: transition from bottle/breast to solid food; conflict: id derives pleasure from sucking/excepting into mouth; if child fails to complete tasks, (s)he becomes fixated; fixations-underindulged oral-suspicious, sarcastic, pessimistic, trust issues; overindulged oral-clingy, optimistic, gullible, needy

A

Oral Stage

136
Q

Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 18 months-3 years; focus: anus-retention/expulsion of species; task: to successfully learned toilet training; conflict: id derives pleasure from retention/expulsion, whereas ego and superego represents society the practical/societal pressures to control bodily functions; if child fails to complete the task,(s)he becomes fixated; fixations-anal expulsion-messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, defiant; anal-retentive-neat, precise, orderly, stingy, obstinate, meticulous, passive-aggressive

A

Anal Stage

137
Q

The third of Freud’s psychosexual development in which genitals are the source of pleasure and the Oedipus Complex begins

A

Phallic Stage

138
Q

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

A

Oedipus Complex

139
Q

Fixation

A

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

140
Q

Personality Inventory

A

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

Introduction to Psychology (6 decks)

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