Final Exam Review Flashcards
Who is the father of Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis, Id, Ego, Superego, Sexual Stages of Personality, conscious vs. unconscious
Psychoanalysis
Freud
Phrenology
bumps on head
Psychology
study of behaviors and the brain, science
Biological Approach
genes, biological
Which approach about Psychology is about what you inherit?
Biological Approach
Behavioral Approach
learned behaviors, fears, environmental influences
Which approach about Psychology is about what you are taught?
Behavioral Approach
Cognitive Approach
thinking and perspective
Which approach about Psychology is about how you think and view things?
Cognitive Approach
Psycho dynamic Approach
conscious vs. unconscious approach- related to Freud
Which approach about Psychology would be associated with interpretation of dreams or hypnosis?
Psycho dynamic approach
Humanistic Approach
motivation, ambition, self-determination
Which approach about Psychology would be associated with looking at your own potential?
Humanistic Approach
Albert Bandura
focused on learned behaviors, Bobo Doll/violence/aggression
Bobo Doll Experiment
group of kids watch adults interact with a Bobo Doll- social learning
B.F. Skinner
learned behaviors, conditioning, positive & negative reinforcements
Skinner Box
experiment using electric grid and rats- rats were rewarded when behavior was approved with food, punished with electrical current = conditioning
Jean Piaget
Stages of Development, object permanence
object permanence
peek-a-boo; learning that items still around they do not vanish
Surveys
not reliable; people are often dishonest, especially when they are not anonymous
Interviews
people can be dishonest, body language can be read, they can be guided
Field studies
gathering information in a natural setting
Natural observation
observing behavior in a natural setting- Jane Goodall/chimpanzees
Directed observation
observing behavior in a controlled setting- a laboratory
When a administrator comes to view a classroom is it a natural or directed observation?
Directed- however, most will change their behavior bc they know they are being watched
When an administrator is observing students in the cafeteria is it a natural or directed observation?
Natural
Case Studies
following a subject/ testing at theory over time; downfall is losing touch with participants
Standardized Tests
norms- can be compared, SAT’s, ACT’s, Driver license, doctor’s physical
Experiments
have a hypothesis and test it out
Morality & Experiments
Need
- Consent
- Participant can’t be worse off than before
- Participant can stop
Milgram Shock Experiment
Teacher/Learner- study of authority, unethical experiment- participants asked to withdraw
Stanford Prison Experiment
follow up to Milgram; college students/prisoner vs. guard
In which unethical experiment did the Psychologist insert himself making it immoral?
Stanford Prison Experiment- Phillip Zimbardo
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
Af. Ams males in the US Military; experiment done by the military to see how syphilis affected Af. Am. males
Stanley Milgram
Shock/authority
Prison authority
Phillip Zimbardo
Dr. Mengele
Angel of Death- Holocaust- study of twins/dwarfs
Validity
how reliable results or experiment is
When looking to see how useful data or an experiment is, you are looking for it’s
validity
Independent variable
what is being manipulated- what changes
The control- what is being measured/observed
Dependent variable
Prenatal
Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal
Rooting
turning your head to look for stimulus
when babies display their arms back when reacting to stimulus/fear
Moro
Babinski
spreading of toes instead of curling when bottom of foot is touched
babies ability to “walk”
Stepping
Diver’s Affect
babies ability to breathe underwater and swim- up to about 6 months
newborn babies can…
see up to 8 inches, determine primary caretaker by smell/sound
Harlow & Harlow
Contact/Comfort Experiment- rhesus monkeys: fuzzy fake mom vs. nutrient laden fake mom
Strange Situation Experiment
Mary Ainsworth- how baby reacts upon reunion with mom after being left with a stranger
when baby cries upon mom’s return, but can return to play as before
Secure Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
when baby cries upon mom’s return, avoids being comforted or contact with mom
Anxious/Insecure
when baby cries upon mom’s return, and cannot be comforted
Sensory Motor Stage of Development
babies learn everything through senses- put everything into their mouths
formation of language- telegraphic type
Pre-Operational Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
learns reversibility, conservation, cause and effect
Formal Operational Stage
can plan into future, compare/contrast, abstract
Noam Chomsky
linguist, believes we are all born with a language aquisition device (LAD)- cooing IS language
type of language twins share
double talk
Sex
plumbing- genitalia you are born with
Gender
role identification- learned behavior/expectations for that specific “gender”
Intersex conditions
born with both genitalia
period of sexual maturation; person becomes able to reproduce
puberty
the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development, extending mainly over the teen years and terminating legally when the age of majority is reached; youth.
adolescence
an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to a caregiver and showing distress on separation.
attachment
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
menarche
the first menstrual period.
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction.
primary sex characteristics
the nonreproductive sexual characteristics, for example,female breasts, male voice quality, and body hair.
secondary sex characteristics
Social Clock
the cultural preferred timing of social event such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
Autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind; it is a spectrum and no two people would experience it exactly alike
Memory
the power of retaining and recalling past experience
Flashbulb memories
contrasting views about whether or not we keep memories with us frozen in time; vivid strong memories often linked to traumatic experiences
the process of getting information out of memory storage
retrieval
Short Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Serial Positioning Effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
rote
memory by repetition
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
displacement
defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are directed towards a different object
eye witness accounts
The most unreliable evidence in a criminal case, people that witness an event first hand.
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
tip of the tongue phenomenon
experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it
eidetic memory
Photographic Memory
the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before
déjà vu
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
recognition
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
recall
the false recollection of episodic memory, filling in gaps.
confabulation
repression
the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming consciou
Mnemonic devices
devices for, memory tricks or strategies to make information easier to remember
Selective Attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience
learning
Classical Conditioning
a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response
First proposed and studied by Ivan Pavlov, a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. (Ex. Pavlov’s dog experiment taught dogs that the neural stimulus equals something good)
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Psychologist who is best known for classical conditioning. His work lay the foundation for behaviorism. His dog experiment presented a tone (neural stimulus) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The NS then became a CS, producing a CR.
Conditioned Response
The learned response (reflexive behavior) to a conditioned stimulus (in Pavlov’s experiment it was the salivation).
Conditioned Stimulus
Originally an irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditional response.
Little Baby Albert
Feared loud noises, but not white rats; eventually he was conditioned to fear rats, generalized to all fluffy things.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response.
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
The occurrence of a behavior is increased by removing an unpleasant stimuli.
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
Effective Punishment has to be
- consistent
- relative to behavior
- timely
Phobias
learned fears
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Extrinsic motivation
perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
How are we affected by selective attention?
attend to, and process, an extremely small amount of incoming information, while blocking out most of the other information. We also shift our focus (attention) from one thing to another during this process
What is consciousness?
Consciousness is our awareness of ourselves and our environment
How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning?
We have a biological clock that operates on a 24 hours cycle (day and night) known as our circadian rhythm. Our body temperature and sleep patterns are affected during this 24 hour cycle
How does sleep loss affect us?
Sleep deprivation can cause the following: decreased memory, decreased concentration, decreased mood, weakening of the immune system, increase in weight (sleep deprivation increases the hunger arousing hormone ghrelin and decreases the hunger suppressing hormone leptin), decreased productivity, and increases the risk of fatal accidents
When we can’t see visible objects because our attention is elsewhere
Inattentional blindness
What is hypnosis?
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggest to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
What is dissociation?
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
seasonal affective disorder
Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions
DSM-IV-TR
Abbrevation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders
The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior.
Abnormal Psychology
Anxiety
a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
Panic Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).
dissociative identity disorder
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.(DID)
Antisocial Personality
personality who lacks a conscience, is emotionally shallow, impulsive, and selfish, and tends to manipulate others
Schizophrenia
group of disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Anorexia Nervosa
an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
Bulimia Nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
ADHD
id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Superego
the part of the personality in Freud’s theory that is responsible for making moral choices
Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 0-18 months; focus: oral cavity; task: transition from bottle/breast to solid food; conflict: id derives pleasure from sucking/excepting into mouth; if child fails to complete tasks, (s)he becomes fixated; fixations-underindulged oral-suspicious, sarcastic, pessimistic, trust issues; overindulged oral-clingy, optimistic, gullible, needy
Oral Stage
Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 18 months-3 years; focus: anus-retention/expulsion of species; task: to successfully learned toilet training; conflict: id derives pleasure from retention/expulsion, whereas ego and superego represents society the practical/societal pressures to control bodily functions; if child fails to complete the task,(s)he becomes fixated; fixations-anal expulsion-messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, defiant; anal-retentive-neat, precise, orderly, stingy, obstinate, meticulous, passive-aggressive
Anal Stage
The third of Freud’s psychosexual development in which genitals are the source of pleasure and the Oedipus Complex begins
Phallic Stage
according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Oedipus Complex
Fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Personality Inventory
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
