Final exam Review Flashcards
Feedback to help receiver expand knowledge, sharpen skill, improve capability
Coaching
Feedback to rate or rank against a set of standards, to align expectations, to inform decision making
Evaluation
Feedback to see, acknowledge, connect, motivate, thank
Appreciation
empathy: Knowing how other people think and feel
Cognitive
Empathy: Feeling another person’s emotions
Emotional empathy
Empathy: Having a physical reaction in response to what someone else is experiencing
Somatic
An individual is not thinking about change in the near future
pre-contemplation
Has a desire to change within the near future
Contemplation
Has a plan, hasn’t taken action yet
Preparation
Marks the beginning of actual change
Action
Successful maintained behavior change for at least six months
Maintainence
Leadership: Idealized Influence
Inspirational motivation
Intellectual stimulation
Individualized consideration
Transformational
Leadership Styles: Contingent reward
Leadership Styles: Transactional
Leadership style: Revolves around power
Directs and controls all activities
Low follower autonomy
Demands obedience
Authoritarian
Leadership style: Hands off approach
Non-transactional
Laissez-faire
Leadership style: Extremely self-aware
Leads from own core values
Strong sense of purpose
Builds relationships
Disciplined, focused
Authentic
Leadership style: Seek to help, develop, guide followers
Sensitive to emotional well-being
Puts followers first
Strong moral/ethical code
SERVANT
when there are two morally correct courses
of action, but they cannot both be followed at the same
time.
Ethical dilemma
practitioner knows the course of action to
take, but for whatever reason, they do not take it.
ethical distress
practitioner is confronted by challenges or
threats to personal moral duties and values.
Ethical problem
-ability to have the perseverance, the toughness, the
conviction and the courage to take action to correct something that you know is wrong
Moral courage
-prioritizes moral values over
motives such as self gratification, making money, revenge, protecting
your reputation or protecting your organization
Moral Motivation (professionalism)
-deciding which action is right or wrong because you
are able to assess how the different lines of actions that you could take will affect other people
moral judgement
-ability to interpret the situation and project the
consequences of your actions
Moral sensitivity
Logical and strategic thinkers, focused on innovation and intellectual problem-solving.
Analyst
Types include Architects, Logicians, Commanders, and Debaters.
Empathetic and idealistic, focused on cooperation, harmony, and emotional intelligence.
Diplomats
Types include Advocates, Mediators, Protagonists, and Campaigners.
Practical and reliable, focused on order, stability, and responsibility.
Sentinels
Types include Logistician, Defender, Executive, and Consul.
Spontaneous and adaptable, focused on hands-on problem-solving and flexibility.
Explorers
Types include Virtuoso, Adventurer, Entrepreneur, and Entertainer.
Red flags of documentation
Ranges of level of assistance
Little progress noted or status unchanged
Patient agitated or confused
> 3 modalities or modalities after 4th visit
Poorly written goals or POC
Testing too often or not reported
No documentation of exercise or education
Feeling a connection to those simular to you and it makes you bias
Affinity bias
Having stereotypes about a group
perception bias
projecting positive qualities on someone that you dont know
halo effect (bias)
looking to confirm your own opinions which makes you bias
confirmation bias
aggressive communication style
Communication style in which you stand up for your rights but you violate the rights of others
Assertive communication style
Communication style in which you stand up for your rights while maintaining respect for the rights of others
Passive communication style
Communication style in which you put the rights of others before your own, minimizing your own self worth
Ambady Article : Physical Therapists’ Nonverbal Communication Predicts
Geriatric Patients’ Health Outcomes
The study examines how nonverbal behavior of healthcare providers, particularly physical therapists, impacts elderly clients’ perceptions and therapeutic outcomes. It finds that positive facial expressiveness (smiling, nodding) correlates with improved daily functioning and reduced confusion in clients, while distancing behaviors (not smiling, looking away) are perceived negatively and linked to adverse cognitive and physical outcomes. The research highlights that clients’ perceptions of therapists’ warmth and empathy influence their experiences, suggesting that nonverbal cues play a crucial role in effective patient-provider communication. Further exploration of the dynamic between therapist and client behaviors is recommended.
What 4 factors did the study
O’Keefe: What Influences Patient-Therapist
Interactions in Musculoskeletal
Physical Therapy? Qualitative
Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis
look at?
- interpersonal communication
- Practical skills
- Individualized patient centered care
- Organizational/environmental factors (like timing of appointments)
Conclusion: improving these factors could enhance treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.
What part of the brain does emotional empathy?
Cognitive empathy?
Reflexive empathy?
Limbic system
prefrontal cortex
premotor area
What are the 3 types of triggers
Truth- Related to the feedback itself
We feel it’s wrong, helpful, unreasonable, misguided
Relationship- Related to the person giving the feedback (we feel they aren’t credible)
Identity- Related to us, the person receiving the feedback
What does Medicare part A and Medicare part B cover?
A- Acute, Inpatient, Hospice, Home Health, SNF
B- Outpatient. (Part B will not pay for student PT services)
Is Group a timed or untimed code?
Untimed
Will Medicaid pay for student physical therapy treatments?
Medicade will not pay for student physical therapy services unless a DPT is directly involved
2 questions to screen for depression
“Over the past two weeks, have you ever felt down, depressed, or hopeless?”
“Have you felt little interest or pleasure in doing things?”
microaggressions
“You are (insert adjective) for a (group).”
Acting/verbalizing surprise that someone of a particular group is good or bad at a skill
Clutching purse/possessions or moving away when encountering a person of color
Asking a person “where are you from/really from?” or “What are you?”
Not trying to learn someone’s name/making fun of their name
“You don’t seem like…..”
Commenting on and/or touching hair, clothing, etc. without permission
What are the different “roles” in each scenario
Initiator
Subject
Observer - either ally or bystander
gibbs reflective cycle
Description -> Feelings -> Evaluation -> Conclusions -> Action
What is “Swing” when accepting feedback
how long does it take you to come back to neutral state after getting positive or negative feedback
Low complexity eval
20 mins face to face, addressing 1-2 things
Medium complexity eval:
30 mins face to face
1-2 personal factors
3 medical conditions to address
High complexity eval:
45 mins face to face
3 or more personal factors
4+ conditions to address
Does a high complexity eval pay more than a low complexity eval?
no, they pay the same
What codes are untimed?
Hotpack
Traction
Electrical stim
Group
What are the steps to motivational interviewing
Engaging -> Focusing -> Evoking -> Planning
What is “engaging”
Explore beliefs and values
open ended questions
listening
What is focusing
you and your client agree to go on a trip, in the focus process you clarify where you are going
exchanging information
What is “Evoking”
commitment, preparation, establish a desire in the person to change
“How would you like your life to be different”
“What would you like to accomplish in therapy”
What is “Planning”
Establishing more specific goals
“what is one thing you can do right away to change?”
“What do you need to help you change?”
What are the 8 guiding principles of professionalism
Identity
Quality
Collaboration
Value
Innovation
Consumer-centricity
Access/Equity
Advocacy
Living will
The living will is a legal document used to state certain future health care decisions when a person becomes unable to make the decisions on their own
-includes DNR
What is a Medical power of attorney
An individual names another person to make healthcare related decisions
Must be certified by a physician
Is revoked if the person becomes able to make decisions
What is a DNR?
Do Not Resuscitate Order
No life saving measures will be taken
Palliative care:
Resource for anyone living with a serious illness
Helpful at any stage of illness, but best to start right after diagnosis
Goal is to make the patient as comfortable as possible (physically, emotionally, spiritually, and practically)
Is not dependent upon prognosis
May be provided in the hospital, nursing home, outpatient clinics, or at home
Hospice care
Used when a person with a terminal illness
wants to stop medical treatments or would no longer benefit from them
is expected to live 6 months or less
PT not covered by insurance in hospice
Professional ethics vs practice act
practice act- governed by state law
Professional Ethics: governed by
professional organizations; PT Codes
requires that clinicians practice legally
You may be able to practice legally
without being ethical because
ethical standards often exceed
legal standards.
Executive Council of Physical Therapy
and Occupational Therapy Examiners
(ECPTOTE)
vs
The Federation of State Boards of
Physical Therapy (FSBPT)
(FSBPT)- Develops national PT exam, provides continuing Ed
(ECPTOTE)- Independent administrative state
agency tasked with overseeing
functions of PT and OT Boards
Individual PT & OT Boards licenses,
regulates and enforces practice of
physical therapy in Texas.
how to improve empathy:
reading fiction is shown to improve empathy
“work empathy like a muscle”
What are the 3 types of difficulty conversations?
“What happened”
Identity conversation
Feeling conversation
Skilled vs unskilled therapy examples
Unskilled: Anything a tech can do, take someone through 2 sets of 10 bridges
Skilled: anything with graded assistance levels or gait training
core values of PT and PTA
Accountability
Altruism
Collaboration
Compassion/Caring
Duty
Excellence
Inclusion
Integrity
Social responsibility
How to use the RIPS model for ethical decision making
R- Realms (look at problem from: Organizational, Societal, and Personal perspective)
IP- Individual process (Determine what we need to do as an individual to make a decision: Example: use moral courage)
S- Situation (Determine the type of ethical scenario you are facing)
Kubler Ross stages of grief
Denial
Anger
Depression
Bargaining
Acceptance
Where to discharge: A patient w high medical complexity (not medically stable) and a variable functional prognosis. Pt is not safe to go home
LTAC
Where to discharge: A patient with moderate medical complexity who is not safe to go home, pt has moderate functional prognosis
SNF
Where to discharge: Pt who is not safe to go home but is medically stable and can actively participate in 3 hours of therapy
inpatient rehab
Group that is comfortable with touch
Cajuns
Group that is against blood transfusions
Jehovah Witnesses
Group that believes men should not shave beard
Islamic
Group where important decisions are made by entire family but men make the final decision
Islamic
Group that believes that illness is a test from god
Islamic
Group that believes that maintaining life overrides religious views (can do any medical procedure that’s necessary)
Judaism
Group that waits 6 hours between eating dairy and meat
Judaism
Group that believes in no driving cars unless it’s a medical emergency
Orthodox Judaism
and Amish (simply dont drive even in emergency)
Group that only makes eye contact in one on one interactions
Amish
Group that views death as very private, may not show emotion
Amish
Group who’s education is until the 8th grade level
Amish
Group who’s funerals are held 3 days after death
Amish
active acceptance of the responsibility for the diverse roles, obligations, and actions of the physical therapist
accountability
primary regard for or devotion to the interest of
patients and clients, thus assuming the responsibility of
placing the needs of patients and clients ahead of the physical therapist’s
Altruism
working together with patients and clients, families, communities, and professionals in health and other fields to achieve shared goals.
Collaboration
desire to identify with or sense something of
another’s experience, a precursor of caring.
Compassion/caring
commitment to meeting one’s obligations to
provide effective physical therapist services to
patients and clients, to serve the profession,
and to positively influence the health of society.
Duty
provision of physical therapist services occurs when the physical therapist and physical therapist assistant consistently use current knowledge and skills while
understanding personal limits, integrate the patient or client perspective, embrace advancement, and challenge mediocrity.
Excellence
occurs when the PT and PTA create a welcoming and equitable environment for all. PTs and PTAs are inclusive when they commit to providing a safe space, elevating diverse and minority voices, acknowledging personal biases that may impact patient care and taking a position of anti-discrimination.
Inclusion
steadfast adherence to high ethical principles
or standards, being truthful, ensuring fairness,
following through on commitments, and
verbalizing to others the rationale for actions.
Integrity
promotion of a mutual trust between the
profession and the larger public that
necessitates responding to societal needs for health and wellness.
Social Responsibility
What are the 5 steps to difficult conversations
Sense making- what happened?
Validation - listening and affirming other persons perspective
Permission- ask to share your perspective
Assess- assess their response
Affirm
Pity vs sympathy vs empathy vs compassion
Pity - I acknowledge your suffering
Sympathy - I care about your suffering
Empathy- I feel your suffering
Compassion - I want to relieve your suffering
What does SMART stand for?
o SPECIFIC
o MEASURABLE
o ACHIEVEABLE
o RELEVANT
o TIME-BOUND
Under medicare at a hospital, Students must be under ________ supervision
in a skilled nursing facility students need ______ supervision
General supervision
Line of sight supervision
